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Gao Congjie (Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering)
Editor in Chief：Wang Qi
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10 October 2025, Volume 51 Issue 10
  
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  • The Numerical Simulation Studies of Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation Process
    WANG Xushan, YANG Yang, HUANG Renliang, LI Zhaokui, GAO Congjie
    2025, 51(10): 1-8.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Fresh water scarcity has emerged as a worldwide concern. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) technology, characterized by its low energy demands, minimal carbon emissions, straightforward equipment design, superior water purity, and significant industrial transformation potential, stands out as one of the most viable solutions to the fresh water crisis. It has drawn considerable interest in the realms of seawater desalination, wastewater purification, and brine concentration. Over the past few years, the spotlight in the SIE domain has been on creating innovative photothermal conversion materials and refining the design of evaporation structures. Adjusting the light absorption, water transport, and thermal management capabilities of the evaporation system leads to enhanced overall system performance. Numerical simulation technology can quantitatively analyze the multi-physical field coupling phenomenon in the SIE process. Delving into the intricacies of energy transfer, the dynamics of water and salt movement, and the pathways of steam diffusion, numerical simulation can deeply understand the intertwined heat and mass transfer processes inherent in the SIE process. The knowledge furnishes dependable theoretical insights and technical guidance for boosting evaporation efficiency and facilitating advanced optimization of solar interface evaporator designs. This review surveys the development of numerical simulation techniques in the field of solar interfacial water evaporation. It provides an introduction to the prevalent macroscopic and microscopic simulation approaches, and subsequently discusses the specific uses of numerical simulation technology within the solar water evaporation process. The discussion includes the simulation of light absorption, water transport, thermal management, and enhancements in salt tolerance within the SIE system, offering a solid theoretical foundation and providing reliable technical support for the optimized design of high-efficiency evaporation systems, significantly accelerating the development of SIE technology from laboratory research to industrial applications. With continuous advancements in multi-physics coupling algorithms and computational efficiency, numerical simulation is likely to the core driver for technological innovation and engineering applications in the SIE field.
  • Degradation of Emerging Contaminants through Fenton-like Technology: From External Addition to In-situ Generation of H2O2
    WANG Jie, YUE Qinyan, LI Qian, GAO Yue, GAO Baoyu
    2025, 51(10): 9-17.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Emerging contaminants in water pose potential risks to human health and aquatic environments due to their biotoxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Traditional water treatment technologies are often insufficient for removing these contaminants, resulting in their persistent presence in water bodies. Consequently, the development of efficient removal technologies for emerging contaminants has emerged as a critical research focus in environmental protection. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted considerable attention for their ability to generate various reactive species that effectively degrade emerging contaminants. Among these, H2O2-based Fenton-like technologies are widely employed due to their cost-effectiveness, strong oxidizing capacity, and environmental compatibility. This review highlights recent advancements in H2O2-based Fenton-like technologies, including ultraviolet-activated H2O2 (UV/H2O2) systems, heterogeneous catalytic H2O2 technologies, and in situ H2O2 generation-activation processes, for the removal of emerging contaminants in aquatic environments. These approaches represent a transition from conventional exogenous H2O2 dosing to in situ generation, thereby reducing the economic and safety risks associated with the production, transportation, and storage of H2O2. Overall, these technologies offer promising strategies for the environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable removal of emerging contaminants from aquatic environments.
  • Research Progress of Seawater Evaporative Cooling Technology
    ZHANG Nan, ZHANG Shuaishuai, CHEN Junyang, XING Qiangjie, MA Xuehu
    2025, 51(10): 18-27.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    With the increasing shortage of freshwater resources around the world, the efficient use of seawater, as an important alternative water source, has become one of the key ways to alleviate water shortages. Seawater evaporative cooling technology uses the latent heat of evaporation of water to achieve efficient heat dissipation, which has the advantages of large heat exchange and low energy consumption, especially suitable for high-water-consuming industries in coastal areas, which can greatly reduce seawater intake, thereby eliminating the impact of seawater direct current cooling on the marine environment. The heat transfer design of seawater evaporative cooling needs to be modified on the basis of the existing freshwater model, and the heat mass transfer can be enhanced by using reinforced tubes combined with superhydrophilic modification. The concentrated seawater generated by the seawater evaporative cooling system during operation is rich in high-value elements such as potassium, magnesium, bromine, and lithium, which can be extracted from resources to achieve "water-salt-heat" co-production, improving economy and environmental friendliness. The technology can also be coupled with systems such as humidification-humidification (HDH) to further improve cooling efficiency and realize freshwater cogeneration, expanding the utilization scenarios of low-grade waste heat. In the future, it is necessary to further promote the coupling of seawater evaporation and cooling technology with seawater desalination, low-grade waste heat recovery, seawater resource utilization and other systems to become a multi-functional comprehensive system, develop efficient anti-scale and anti-corrosion materials, and build a complete industrial chain of concentrated seawater resource utilization to achieve the coordinated and sustainable development of water resources and energy.
  • Research Progress on Energy Consumption Optimization in Membrane Distillation Process: From Core Membrane Module Innovation to Integration of Membrane Process System
    LIU Ziqiang, GAO Haifu, LIU Yaqing, WU Chunrui, LYU Xiaolong
    2025, 51(10): 28-36.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Membrane distillation (MD) technology is an important means for efficient treatment and reuse of highly concentrated wastewater. However, the greatest obstacle in the large-scale application of MD process is the high thermal energy consumption required for evaporation. Optimization of MD modules and enhance of MD process are critical factors to solve MD energy consumption problem and enhancing the heat transfer efficiency and reducing the mass transfer resistance of MD process. MD modules with a modified channel geometry could improve the feed flow state, effectively increasing the MD heat transfer efficiency. Enhance of heat recovery process for MD and multi-effect process in MD could significant improve the heat recovery effects, increasing the heat utilization rate. Therefore, this paper aims to systematically review the research progress and current applications of MD modules and process from mass transfer and heat transfer mechanisms. Conduct an in-depth analysis of existing technical bottlenecks, elucidate their functional mechanisms within MD system, which could provide theoretical basis for Industrial applications and sustainable development of MD.
  • The Principles and Effectiveness of Membrane Aeration Biofilm Reactor (MABR) in Treating Domestic Sewage
    SHI Handi, CUI Yin, YU Shuili
    2025, 51(10): 37-42.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper analyzes the principle and technical characteristics of the Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor (MABR) process in treating domestic sewage, introduces the composition and process parameters of the MABR process system, interprets the research trends and application status of the MABR process in treating domestic sewage, clarifies the efficiency and influencing factors of the MABR process in treating sewage, and provides the optimal operating parameters. It also explains the effect of MABR in treating domestic sewage with a low C/N ratio and evaluates its adaptability to shock loads. On this basis, it points out the application prospects and challenges of the MABR process in sewage treatment, aiming to provide support for the development and engineering application of MABR technology.
  • Research Progress on Materials and Processes of Membrane Absorption for Ammonia Removal from High-Ammonia Nitrogen Wastewater
    SONG Hang, LI Kuiling, ZHANG Yong, XU Lili, XUE Xiaojun, QU Dan, ZHAO Huazhang, WANG Jun
    2025, 51(10): 43-51.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Membrane absorption ammonia removal Technology is an emerging membrane contact mass transfer technology for ammonia recovery from high-ammonia nitrogen industrial wastewater. Compared with conventional ammonia removal processes such as steam stripping and gas stripping, this technology demonstrates significant economic advantages and is expected to drive technological innovation in efficient ammonia nitrogen removal and resource recovery from wastewater. Within the research framework of membrane absorption ammonia removal Technology, membrane material innovation and process development have consistently remained the core focus and hot topics in this field. This review summarizes recent advances in both hydrophobic membranes and low-carbon integrated process development, the major challenges in the engineering application of membrane absorption ammonia removal Technology are discussed, and the potential directions for future research are proposed.
  • Nanoconfined Catalytic Advanced Oxidation Processes: Chemical Pathways, Structure-Activity Relationships and Future Perspectives
    ZHAO Xiaoyu, ZHANG Zhenghua
    2025, 51(10): 52-62.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) represent pivotal technologies in the fields of environmental remediation and water treatment. In recent years, heterogeneous catalytic systems featuring induced nanoconfinement effects have substantially enhanced the performance of AOPs in wastewater treatment. With continuous advancements and innovations in materials science and characterization techniques, research on nanoconfined catalytic AOPs has grown increasingly comprehensive and profound, both in terms of spatial architectures and reaction mechanisms. This review systematically summarizes the design strategies for reactors that achieve multi-dimensional spatial confinement at the material level and evaluates their performance in AOPs. At the mechanistic level, the article analyzes reaction micro-mechanisms from a dual perspective, distinguishing among multiple AOP pathways and clarifying the unique effects induced by nanoconfinement. Furthermore, this work assesses the impact of key operational parameters on the performance of nanoconfined catalytic AOP systems. Finally, current controversies and critical challenges are outlined, thereby offering theoretical insights and practical guidance for the development of next-generation AOP technologies.
  • The Current Situation and Development of Seawater Desalination in China
    WANG Ruihao, SHI Zhuo, WANG Chengpeng, HUANG Pengfei, SONG Daiwang, LI Yunxia
    2025, 51(10): 63-69.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    China is endowed with insufficient water resources, which are extremely unevenly distributed in time and space, making it difficult to meet the water demands for sustainable social and economic development. With the frequent occurrence of extreme weather in recent years, the contradiction between water supply and demand has further intensified. Seawater desalination, as an incremental water source technology, has the advantages of good water quality, stable water volume, flexible scale, and no restrictions of time and space. It has become a realistic need and strategic choice to solve China's water crisis. This paper systematically reviews the development process of seawater desalination in China in recent years in terms of scale changes, policy changes, equipment technology, and standard systems. It analyzes the development models and competitiveness of seawater desalination in coastal provinces and cities from the aspects of engineering scale, scientific and technological strength, and policy support. It focuses on analyzing the problems existing in the development of seawater desalination in China and puts forward suggestions for future development, providing a reference for the high-quality development of seawater desalination in China.
  • Research Progress and Prospects of Oxidizing Organic Radicals in Algal Pollution Control and Disinfection Systems
    LIU Ye, CHEN Jichao, TAN Xi, CAO Lisan, CHENG Yujie, XIE Pengchao
    2025, 51(10): 70-77.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Oxidizing organic free radicals (OFRs) refer to a class of radicals characterized by both oxidative properties and organic functional groups. In recent years, they have garnered significant attention in the fields of aquatic environmental chemistry and water pollution control. This review paper focuses on the current applications and future prospects of OFRs in algae pollution control and disinfection systems. This paper comparatively analyzes the properties of major OFRs centered on carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and summarizes methods for generating these radicals. It further discusses the technical systems for producing OFRs, including photochemical induction, thermal induction, and redox-driven processes. A key emphasis is placed on the current research status of these radicals in algae control and disinfection systems, covering their mechanisms of action, practical efficacy, and synergistic technologies. Through comparative analysis, this paper concludes that OFRs exhibit longer lifetimes than traditional inorganic radicals during algae removal. For instance, the peroxyacetyl radical (CH3C(O)O•) persists in water for 10 μs, whereas the hydroxyl radical (•OH) lasts 1 μs. Consequently, OFRs can rapidly inactivate algal cells, with their reaction rate constants reaching up to 1010 M-1·s-1. Additionally, the paper evaluates the main challenges in water treatment technologies based on oxidative organic radicals, such as radical generation efficiency, stability, and operational costs. Finally, through a systematic analysis of oxidative organic radical-based water treatment systems, the paper provides recommendations and future perspectives for their application in aquatic environmental remediation.
  • Catalyst Surface Electronic Structure-Driven Removal of Aquatic Pollutants:Interfacial Contributions in Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation
    REN Hang, REN Tengfei, ZHANG Xiaoyuan
    2025, 51(10): 78-85.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Heterogeneous catalytic oxidation is an advanced and controllable technology for wastewater treatment, where pollutant removal is initiated through interfacial interactions. These interactions, governed by the electronic structures of reactants and catalysts surfaces, diversify transformation pathways of pollutants and oxidants, potentially reducing the inhibition from coexisting constituents and enhancing reaction performance. Therefore, understanding the interactions among oxidants, pollutants, and catalysts is essential for elucidating the mechanisms and guiding the design of surface electronic structures. This review highlights the advantages of heterogeneous catalytic oxidation in pollutant removal, summarizes interfacial processes and their driving forces, and discusses strategies for tuning surface electronic structures. Finally, future directions for solid catalytic materials and heterogeneous catalytic oxidation are proposed.
  • Selective Mechanism and Research Progress of Uranium Extraction from Seawater by Adsorption Method
    YANG Yujie, ZHENG Bowen, GUO Lixiao, ZHANG Zhonglin, DU Xiao, HAO Xiaogang
    2025, 51(10): 86-93.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    With the growing global energy demand and the advancing strategies for low-carbon transformation, nuclear energy has garnered widespread attention due to its high energy density and low carbon emissions during power generation. Uranium, as a key element capable of undergoing nuclear fission chain reactions, serves as the fundamental material for enabling nuclear fission. Currently, uranium resources are primarily obtained from terrestrial ore mining. However, these reserves are limited, and their extraction involves significant environmental and economic challenges. In contrast, uranium reserves in seawater are vastly greater than those on land, representing a substantial potential resource. Among the various technologies for extracting uranium from seawater, adsorption stands out due to its high selectivity, environmental compatibility, and feasibility for industrialization. Nevertheless, the extremely low concentration of uranium in seawater, strong competition from coexisting ions, and the complexity of the marine environment pose major challenges. Therefore, the development of efficient and highly selective adsorbent materials remains a core issue in this field. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms underlying specific recognition of uranyl ions, analyzes the selectivity performance and mechanisms of various adsorbent materials toward uranyl, and introduces applications of electrochemically enhanced techniques such as electro-adsorption and electro-reduction in uranium extraction. Finally, future prospects for materials and technologies in seawater uranium extraction are discussed.
  • The Application and Research Prospects of High-Pressure Pumps in the Desalination Industry
    ZHANG Desheng, NING Yanqiang, ZHI Yinhe, LI Yan
    2025, 51(10): 94-101.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    The high-pressure pumps, as the core power equipment in reverse osmosis seawater desalination systems, directly affect system energy consumption and operational efficiency. This paper provides a comprehensive review of high-pressure pumps for seawater desalination. It begins by elaborating on the research background and significance of high-pressure pumps in seawater desalination and their crucial role in reverse osmosis desalination. On this basis, it introduces the structural features and working principles of main types of high-pressure pumps such as plunger pumps and multistage centrifugal pumps. It also summarizes the research breakthroughs in areas such as structural optimization, axial force balance, rotor dynamics, corrosion-resistant materials, variable frequency control, and energy recovery for multistage centrifugal seawater desalination high-pressure pumps. Meanwhile, it analyzes the current bottlenecks of high-pressure pumps in terms of energy efficiency improvement, material durability, and intelligence. Finally, it looks forward to future development directions from the perspectives of new material application, intelligent technology, and system collaborative innovation, providing references for the technological upgrade and industrial application of high-pressure pumps in seawater desalination.
  • Amino Acids in Drinking Water Treatment: Occurrence, Chlorination By-Products and Control Technologies
    SHI Chunjian, LIN Siyuan, LI Lei
    2025, 51(10): 102-108.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Amino acids, as an important component of natural organic matter (NOM), are widely present in drinking water sources. Their concentrations and compositions are influenced by various factors, including microbial activity, surface runoff, and anthropogenic pollution. During disinfection, amino acids participate in reactions that generate a variety of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs), particularly halonitriles (HANs), haloacetamides (HAMs), and halonitromethanes (HNMs). These N-DBPs are not only highly toxic, but some also act as odor-causing compounds that lead to off-flavors in drinking water, thereby attracting widespread concern. This paper systematically reviews the occurrence characteristics of amino acids in aquatic environments, the reaction pathways and structure-dependent features of N-DBP formation during chlorination and chloramination, and summarizes the current mainstream control technologies. The findings provide theoretical support and technical references for ensuring the safety of drinking water.
  • Research Progress and Recent Trends of High-Salinity Pickled Vegetable Wastewater Treatment and Resourcilization
    SONG Weilong, CAI Yi, WANG Xinhua
    2025, 51(10): 109-117.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Vegetables pickling is a large-scale industry in China and it is still expanding rapidly. However, accompanying pickled vegetable production, large amount of high-salinity organic wastewater is generated, which poses a serious threat to the ecological environment and has become a critical challenge to the sustainable development of the industry. This review provides a systematic insight into the generation characteristics, wastewater quality, and treatment technologies for high-salinity vegetable pickling wastewater. The core bottleneck in treating such wastewater lies in the low-efficiency and high cost of conventional treatment owing to the inhibitory effects of high salinity on physical/chemical and biochemical treatment processes. To this end, dilution strategy was widely adopted to avoid the high-salinity issue, while it is essentially a "stopgap measure that does more harm than good," as it not only exacerbates resource waste but also hinders the recovery and resourcilization of salt, pollutants, and water. Based on an analysis of the state of art, this study proposes future development directions and key requirements for the treatment of high-salinity vegetable pickling wastewater. Research should focus on the cultivation of salt-tolerant bacterial strains, the synergistic resource transformation of multiple organic substances, the green advanced oxidation processes, and the membrane-assisted resource recovery, with the aim of establishing a stratified and graded treatment mode to achieve both treatment and resourcilization of the wastewater. This paper is expected to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the development of efficient treatment and resource recovery of high-salinity vegetable pickling wastewater.
  • Advance in the Sulfur-driven Autotrophic Denitrification
    YIN Wenxiao, HE Junxia, XIA Siqing
    2025, 51(10): 118-123.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Sulfur-driven autotrophic denitrification (SADN) employs nitrate (NO₃⁻-N) as an electron acceptor and inorganic reduced sulfur compounds (RISCs) as electron donors to achieve denitrification under anaerobic or anoxic conditions. This process requires no external carbon source addition, produces less sludge, and has lower energy consumption and costs, making it a promising denitrification technology. However, the denitrification performance of the SADN process is governed by complex regulatory mechanisms involving multiple enzymes and microorganisms, and it is susceptible to various influencing factors, which hinder its further engineering application. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the functional microorganisms and key metabolic pathways of the SADN process, investigates critical operational parameters (including temperature, S/N ratio, and electron donor types), and assesses the impacts of exogenous substances (e.g., antibiotics, heavy metals, and organic carbon) on process performance. Furthermore, it analyzes the current applications of SADN and its coupled processes. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by SADN and outline its future development directions, providing theoretical support and references for advancing the engineering application of SADN technology.
  • Dynamic Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment: Research Progress and Applications
    MA Jingyi, LIU Xiaoqian, ZHAO Qipeng, CHU Huaqiang, ZHOU Xuefei, ZHANG Yalei
    2025, 51(10): 124-131.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    With increasing water scarcity and stringent wastewater discharge standards, the development of efficient, economical, and stable wastewater treatment technologies has become a major focus in the industry. Although traditional membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been widely utilized due to their high effluent quality and compact footprint, they still face challenges such as high membrane material costs, limited operational flux, severe membrane fouling, and complex cleaning processes, which hinder their application in large-scale and high-strength wastewater treatment. The dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) has emerged in recent years as an efficient and cost-effective membrane technology in the water treatment field. By forming a dynamic membrane (DM) on the surface of large-pore support materials, it achieves synergistic effects of efficient pollutant retention and biodegradation, making it particularly suitable for treating high-strength and refractory wastewater. This article reviews recent research and application advances in DMBR, elucidates the formation mechanisms of dynamic membranes, selection of support materials, fouling control strategies, and the performance of both aerobic and anaerobic DMBR (AnDMBR) systems. It also evaluates the effectiveness of DMBR in treating various refractory wastewaters, including domestic sewage and industrial effluents. The challenges related to long-term operational stability and dynamic membrane regulation are discussed, and future development directions such as material optimization, process integration, and intelligent operational strategies are proposed.
  • Advances in Interfacial Polymerization Regulation for Fabricating Thin-Film Composite Nanofiltration Membrane
    ZHAO Guangjin, WU Chao, WANG Ming, YANG Bo, WANG Xiaobo
    2025, 51(10): 132-139.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Facing the dual challenges of global climate change and resource scarcity, the development of low-energy-consumption, high-efficiency separation technologies holds significant strategic importance. Thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes, leveraging their nanoscale sieving capabilities and surface charge characteristics, exhibit unique advantages in fields such as seawater desalination, wastewater reuse, and substance separation. This review summarizes recent regulation strategies for fabricating high-performance TFC NF membranes based on interfacial polymerization technology, including monomer selection, substrate modification, interlayer design, and additive regulation. The impact of these control measures on the performance of nanofiltration membranes and future key research directions are also discussed.
  • Activation of Persulfate Using Single-Atom Catalysts Based on Coordination Regulation: Mechanism Exploration and the Application in Water Treatment
    ZHANG Ting, KANG Jin, ZHANG Hui
    2025, 51(10): 140-147.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Single-atom catalysts (SACs) offer an ideal platform for efficient persulfate (PS) activation due to their maximum atomic utilization efficiency and tunable structurally. SACs have shown significant advantages in the persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) and become a research hotspot in the field of water treatment. Current research on SACs in PS-AOPs focuses on how different coordination structures influence their electronic properties, performance, and activation mechanisms. Therefore, this review systematically outlines the significant influence of coordination regulation on the electronic structure and catalytic performance of SACs, elucidates the underlying mechanisms involved in PS activation, and summarizes recent applications of these catalysts in water treatment. Finally, the problems and the prospects of coordination engineering in tailoring SACs for water treatment by PS-AOPs were put forward.
  • Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation: Influence and Applications of Material Hydrophilicity and Hydrophobicity
    LIU Lu, DI Wenyang, AN Liuqian, WANG Wei
    2025, 51(10): 148-157.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Solar-driven interfacial evaporation(SDIE)technology offers a new approach to address the global water crisis. The core challenge lies in simultaneously achieving efficient water supply and persistent salt management. The wettability of materials, that is, their hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties, is the key to tackling this challenge. This paper takes this as the core and systematically elaborates on the functional division and synergistic mechanism of materials with different wettabilities in SDIE systems. Hydrophilic materials can ensure a continuous supply of water to the evaporation interface due to their excellent capillary action, but they are prone to salt clogging problems. While hydrophobic materials cannot transport water, they play an important role in constructing steam channels, heat insulation, and guiding salt discharge. Therefore, through rational design, structuring and compounding hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions to build a synergistic effect is a key strategy to break through the performance bottleneck of single materials and achieve efficient and stable evaporation. In addition, this paper further explores the application of this design concept based on wettability regulation in fields such as wastewater treatment, sterilization, and atmospheric water collection, revealing its great potential as a platform technology and providing new design ideas for future water resource management.
  • Research Progress on Scale Inhibition Technologies in Circulating Cooling Water: Challenges and Opportunities
    SU Yanyan, DING Yun, REN Kexuan, YANG Qing
    2025, 51(10): 158-164.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    This study aims to describe the types of organophosphate scale inhibitors and their mechanisms of action in industrial circulating cooling water, highlighting the importance of phosphorus pollution control in water bodies. Specifically, the principles and characteristics of biological, physical adsorption, chemical precipitation, and advanced oxidation methods for removing phosphonates are discussed. It emphasizes that the optimal phosphonate removal solution or a combination of these processes must consider the specific wastewater quality and the operating costs of different treatment methods. Furthermore, the paper introduces several environmentally friendly phosphorus-free corrosion and scale inhibitors, as well as new anti-scaling technologies, underscoring that preventing the introduction of organophosphates at the source is a critical future research direction. The green transformation of water treatment processes requires interdisciplinary, synergistic innovations as the foundation for future research.
  • Thermal Behavior Study in the Preparation of Polyamide Membrane by Interfacial Polymerization
    LAI Chenyu, SUN Xiaojie, MA Ning, LI Yafei, JIANG Meng, MENG Hong
    2025, 51(10): 165-171.
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    This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the thermal behavior and related research progress in the preparation of polyamide membranes via interfacial polymerization. Interfacial polymerization is an exothermic reaction characterized by the highly coupled processes of heat transfer, mass transfer, and momentum transfer. Thermal behavior plays a critical role in influencing the microstructure and performance of polyamide separation layers. The article begins by examining the reaction mechanism of interfacial polymerization, as well as the principles governing mass transfer and momentum transfer, to elucidate the regulatory role of thermal behavior on mass transfer efficiency, reaction progress, and membrane separation performance. It summarizes existing research findings on interfacial polymerization process optimization strategies based on thermal management, and analyzes the impact of thermal behavior on membrane structural stability and separation performance during post-processing. This provides theoretical support and technical pathways for the design and controlled preparation of high-performance separation membranes.
  • Research Progress on the Influencing Mechanisms of Fenton Pretreatment in Organic Fouling of Membranes
    WANG Siyu, RAN Haoxue, LEI Yuqing, FAN Li, MIAO Rui*
    2025, 51(10): 172-176.
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    Fenton pretreatment demonstrates significant advantages in mitigating organic fouling of membranes through synergistic effect of oxidation and coagulation. This review systematically examines the fundamental mechanisms and historical development of Fenton technology, while summarizing key influencing factors in conventional Fenton systems. We specifically focus on the impact patterns of homogeneous Fenton and heterogeneous Fenton-like pretreatment on organic fouling behavior of membranes, elucidating the multidimensional synergistic mechanisms through which Fenton pretreatment alleviates membrane fouling. Furthermore, major bottlenecks encountered in engineering applications are analyzed, along with prospects for future research directions. The work aims to provide theoretical foundations for advancing Fenton technology in membrane fouling control applications.
  • Membrane Aeration-(Catalytic) Ozonation Technology: A New Pathway for the Green Transformation of Ozone Processes
    YUE Dongyao, QI Fei, CHANG Jing, WANG Zhe
    2025, 51(10): 177-184.
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    Ozone, as a strong oxidant, holds significant application potential in in the field of water treatment. However, traditional ozonation processes are limited by low mass transfer efficiency, high energy consumption, and by-product risks, necessitating improvements and upgrades. The paper systematically analyzed the bottleneck issues of ozonation technology. Based on extensive literature review and practical research, a novel water treatment technology of membrane aeration-(catalytic) ozonation was proposed. Firstly, the paper revealed that the membrane aeration-ozonation technology combines the advantages of enhancing mass transfer and reducing energy consumption, providing a pathway for optimizing ozonation process. Secondly, bibliometric analysis was used to identify the research hotspots and shortcomings in this field. Based on this, the paper reviewed the impact mechanisms of membrane material properties (such as pore properties, ozone resistance, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity) on mass transfer and removal efficiency in membrane aeration-(catalytic) ozonation technology, and overall water treatment effect. Fourth, the paper focused on membrane aeration-catalytic ozonation technology, emphasizing its water treatment effects and process coupling methods. Finally, the paper systematically compared the advantages and disadvantages of different ozonation processes, analyzed and discussed the future development direction and key technological breakthroughs of membrane aeration-catalytic ozonation water treatment technology, providing a theoretical foundation and ideas for the green transformation of ozonation processes.
  • Research Progress on Membrane Fouling Mechanism and Control Strategies in Lithium Extraction from Salt Lakes
    ZHAO Youjing, LI Yan, GOU Minmin, LI Binyu, YANG Hongjun, WANG Min
    2025, 51(10): 185-194.
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    Lithium is an important strategic energy metal, and the efficient extraction of lithium from salt lakes plays a crucial role in ensuring energy security. Membrane separation technology has been industrialized in lithium extraction due to its environmentally friendly advantages. However, the high salinity and multi-component nature of the brines lead to prominent membrane fouling, which severely restricts the efficiency of this technology. This paper systematically summarizes recent advances in membrane materials and their applications in the extraction of lithium from salt lakes, reviews research progress on membrane fouling mechanisms in different application scenarios within brine systems, discusses key factors affecting the membrane fouling process, and examines strategies for developing membrane fouling inhibition methods tailored to salt lake lithium extraction. The aim is to provide theoretical guidance for improving the stability of membrane separation and extending membrane service life.
  • Active Site Regulation of Heterogeneous Ozone Catalysts and Oxidation Mechanisms for Wastewater Purification
    REN Tengfei, TAO Feng, REN Hang, ZHANG Xiaoyuan
    2025, 51(10): 195-202.
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    Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation is an effective and promising technology for advanced wastewater treatment, where ozone interacts with the active sites on the catalyst surface to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the removal of refractory organic contaminants in wastewater. In heterogeneous catalytic ozonation systems, the degradation of refractory organic pollutants mainly depends on the formation of ROS, which originate from the dissociation and transformation of ozone at the active sites of catalysts. Therefore, the design of catalytic active sites and the regulation of reaction pathways have become research hotspots for improving wastewater treatment. This review summarizes the reaction pathways in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation, including direct ozone oxidation, radical-mediated oxidation, and non-radical oxidation, and discusses strategies for the design of heterogeneous ozone catalysts and their active sites. Finally, the review highlights the future development directions of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation technology in the field of water treatment.
  • Research Progress on Capacitive Deionization Technology for Heavy Metal Removal
    TAN Guangcai
    2025, 51(10): 203-210.
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    Capacitive deionization (CDI), a promising water treatment technology, has shown significant advantages in heavy metal wastewater treatment in recent years. This study systematically describes four typical CDI reactor configurations, offers an in-depth analysis of heavy metal ion removal mechanisms, and critically reviews the latest research progress in applying CDI technology to remove cationic heavy metals, anionic heavy metals, and radionuclides. Research indicates that heavy metal removal efficiency is closely linked to factors such as electrode material properties, reactor design, solution parameters, and operational conditions. Furthermore, this study discusses the challenges and development opportunities facing CDI technology, highlighting innovative directions involving integration with emerging technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. These findings provide valuable insights for further research and engineering applications of CDI technology in heavy metal wastewater treatment.
  • Full-Process Prevention and Control of RO Membrane Biofouling: Technology and Case Studies
    ZHANG Shuling, ZHU Lieping, WANG Jian, GUO Yonghui
    2025, 51(10): 211-217.
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    Biofouling constitutes a paramount challenge in reverse osmosis systems, significantly jeopardizing their operational stability, product water quality, and economic viability. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the origins of microbial contamination and its detrimental effects on permeate flux, salt rejection, differential pressure, and operational expenditures, underscoring the fact that biofilm development is a dynamic, multi-stage process that presents substantial difficulties for effective mitigation. Firsthand engineering cases involving diverse feed water sources and varying severity of biofouling are incorporated to illustrate practical manifestations of these challenges. Building upon this analysis, a scientifically-grounded control strategy founded on a "full-process, multi-barrier" philosophy is proposed and comprehensively elaborated. This integrated approach encompasses robust pretreatment, continuous online chemical inhibition, periodic chemical cleaning, and optimized system design and operational management, collectively targeting the prevention and disruption of microbial attachment and proliferation at source, during process, and terminal stages. The findings affirm that the establishment and rigorous adherence to such a systematic prevention and control measures are imperative for ensuring the long-term reliability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of reverse osmosis installations.
  • Lanthanum Ferrite (LFO) Perovskite Catalysts for Photo-Fenton Treatment of High-Salinity Dye Wastewater
    NIE Jiabin, ZHAO Mingyao, LUO Jianquan, SONG Weijie, WAN Yinhua
    2025, 51(10): 218-224.
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    Lanthanum ferrite (LaFeO3, LFO) was successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method and incorporated into a photo-Fenton catalytic system with the introduction of NaCl, which demonstrated enhanced performance for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. Compared to the standalone Fenton system (35.4% degradation in 60 min) and the conventional photo-Fenton process (98.9% degradation in 60 min), the LFO photo-Fenton system with 5 wt% NaCl achieved nearly complete degradation of RhB (close to 100%) within just 25 min. The LFO catalyst exhibited excellent reusability and stability, maintaining a degradation efficiency of 90% after eight consecutive cycles. Systematic parametric characterization and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests were conducted on the LFO/H2O2/NaCl system to elucidate the underlying reaction mechanism. The results indicate that the addition of NaCl facilitates the generation of multiple radical species (including ·OH, 1O2, ·O2-, ·Cl and ·ClO-), which act synergistically to significantly enhance the degradation efficiency of RhB. This study presents a highly efficient high-salinity photo-Fenton system, offering a novel strategy and theoretical foundation for the removal of dye pollutants.
  • AOD Process Mechanism Research and Performance Optimization
    MA Zishang, LI Lin, ZHANG Ningning, FANG Chunlei, SHEN Minghai, ZHANG Hanmin
    2025, 51(10): 225-232.
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    In this study, a new low-energy treatment process-AOD biochemical treatment process was adopted for treating low C/N wastewater, which overcame the problems of large carbon input and high energy consumption of the traditional process, and achieved rapid enrichment of synchronous nitrifying denitrifying bacteria under low DO conditions. The experiment focused on the stability of the process in treating low C/N wastewater and the changes of microbial community in each zone, and further optimised the large proportion of reflux ratio in the low oxygen aeration tank, and gradually reduced the internal reflux ratio from 20 times to 15, 10, 5 and 0 times. The results showed that the process had good impact resistance under different large proportion of reflux ratio in the low oxygen aeration tank. When the reflux ratio is 5 times, the process can realize effective utilization of carbon sources and maintain the best removal performance. The results of microbial diversity showed that the dominant bacterial genera were similar in each zone, and there was an enrichment of synchronous nitrifying denitrifying bacteria (e.g., Dechloromonas, Ferribacterium, Rhodobacter, and Zoogloea), which provided a guarantee that the system could maintain a stable nitrogen removal efficiency under high load conditions.
  • Investigation of the Coordination-Induced Oxidation Mechanism in Fe-Based Electrocoagulation for As(III) Removal
    WANG Chaojie, LU Haitao, DING Wei*, ZHENG Huaili*
    2025, 51(10): 233-239.
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    In this study, a simple and efficient Fe-based electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) system was established for solving the groundwater arsenite (As (III)) contamination in certain regions. Besides, the critical role of multi-oxidation processes about As(III) elimination in this system was elucidated. In Fe-EC system, a zero-valent iron (ZVI) sacrificial anode was prepared via a reduction-calcination method utilizing waste iron scraps as raw materials. This anode was coupled with a stainless steel cathode to construct the Fe-EC system. In addition, the effects of electrolyte concentration, electrolyte type, and current intensity on total arsenic (As(T)) removal and As(III) oxidation in the Fe-EC system were investigated. Under optimized conditions, 20 mmol/L Na2SO4 electrolyte, a constant current of 5 mA, pH 7.5, 4 cm electrode spacing, and an effective electrode area of 7.48 cm2, 10 μM As(III) was completely oxidized and >95% As(T) was removed within 15 min in the Fe-EC system. In this system, Fe(II) auto-oxidation was enhanced by the coordination reaction between As(III) and electrochemically generated Fe(II). The coordination between As(III) and Fe(II) also facilitate the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a key reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, after forming As(III)-Fe(II)/Fe(III) complexes, H2O2 could either directly oxidize As(III) or indirectly oxidize As(III) by producing Fe(IV) through oxygen transfer path. This study provides novel insights into the redox chemistry of arsenic and iron in environmental systems and advances our understanding of Fe-based electrocoagulation mechanisms under neutral pH conditions.
  • Characteristics and Mechanism of Efficient Degradation of Tetracycline by Fe-Ce Bimetallic Synergistically Modified MCM-41 in Catalytic Ozonation
    MA Weiyu, ZHANG Dongping, SUN Xianbo, CAI Zhengqing, LIU Yongdi
    2025, 51(10): 240-246.
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    In this paper, Fe-Ce-MCM-41 materials were prepared by Fe and Ce bimetallic doping and applied to catalytic ozonation of tetracycline (TC). Under the optimal conditions (pH 4.5, catalyst dosage 0.4 g/L, O3 dosage 6 mg/min), the degradation and mineralization rates of TC by Fe-Ce-MCM-41/O3 reached 98.0 % and 66.1 %, respectively, and the mineralization rate was 6.3 times higher than that of the O3 system (without catalysts). The main reactive oxygen species (ROS) of the system are •OH and O2•-. The exposed Fe and Ce on the surface are the active sites for electron transfer, the increased surface area and surface Lewis acid sites are beneficial to O3 decomposition. The good adsorption of MCM-41 and the redox coupling of Fe3+/Fe2+ and Ce4+/Ce3+ jointly promoted the catalytic performance of Fe-Ce-MCM-41, which significantly improved the problems of low specific surface area, agglomeration sintering and ion leaching of traditional metal-based catalysts. This work dramatically improved the catalytic ozonation performance by constructing the synergistic system of Fe-Ce bimetallic active center and MCM-41 carrier, and provided reference for the synthesis of efficient ozone oxidation catalysts.
  • Study on Ambient Drying Preparation and Oil-Absorbing Properties of Superhydrophobicity PUA/MA Aerogels
    HU Enyuan, DENG Cheng, ZHAO Lei, LIU Qiang, ZHU Mengfu
    2025, 51(10): 247-252.
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    Based on sol-gel technology, combining crosslinking-induced phase separation and template methods, a superhydrophobic polyurea/melamine (PUA/MA) composite aerogel was prepared via ambient-pressure drying for efficient treatment of oil-containing organic wastewater, reducing resource waste and environmental pollution. The chemical structure, microstructure, physical properties, wettability, and oil-absorbing performance of PUA/MA aerogels were characterized and investigated, respectively. The results indicate that the composite of polyurea and melamine forms a "core-shell" and "coral-like" porous structure in the PUA/MA aerogel, exhibiting a low density of 25.55 mg/cm³, a linear shrinkage rate of only 1.26%, and a high porosity of 98.45%. Additionally, due to the synergistic interaction between the inherent properties of polyurea and its microstructure, the PUA/MA aerogel possesses superhydrophobicity, exhibiting a water contact angle as high as 152.89°. Oil-absorbing performance tests demonstrated that the PUA/MA aerogel achieved saturated adsorption capacities of 47.36, 40.24, 37.91, 24.04, and 17.89 g/g for common petroleum-derived products including toluene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, vacuum pump oil, and n-hexane, respectively. Moreover, it can rapidly adsorb chloroform from water within 10 s, enabling efficient adsorption-based separation. The facile fabrication process, outstanding physical properties, and high oil-absorbing efficiency endow the PUA/MA aerogel with promising potential for applications in oil-containing organic wastewater treatment.
  • From Microfiltration to Nanofiltration: Polyamide (PA) on the Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Modified Poly(Tetrafluoroethylene-co-Hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) Hollow Fiber Membrane for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration
    ZHAO Jiaqi, ZHANG Guozhen, DUAN Ruxue, YU Siyao, HU Haoliang, LU Peng, LI Yanshuo
    2025, 51(10): 253-262.
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    Molecular engineering modification of poly (tetrafluoroethylene co hexafluoropropene) (FEP) microfiltration membranes through chemical crosslinking and interfacial polymerization to obtain membranes suitable for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). The effect of crosslinking concentration on membrane separation performance was studied by modifying the membrane surface with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a crosslinking agent. Using attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to elucidate bond to bond reactions and demonstrate successful crosslinking of PDMS layers on PVA modified FEP hollow fiber membranes. After interface polymerization reaction, polyamide (PA) was successfully prepared on the surface of F-PVA-PDMS membrane and the hollow fiber membrane was analyzed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, raising the FEP hollow fiber membrane to nanofiltration level. The prepared nanofiltration level F-PVA-PDMS-PA was subjected to OSN testing on hollow fiber membranes using ethanol and dye as model feed solutions. Through this simple and effective modification, the optimal F-PVA-PDMS-PA hollow fiber membrane can achieve a pure ethanol permeability of 2.37 ± 0.28 L/(m2·h·bar) and a Brilliant Blue (Mw 626.54 g/mol) retention rate of over 94.2% at a pressure of 5 bar. Considering the ease of manufacturing and modification, these F-PVA-PDMS-PA hollow fiber membranes demonstrate that hollow fiber membranes can be used for OSN, providing important reference for further industrial production.
  • Study of Au(Ⅲ) Adsorption based on Modified Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity
    FENG Xiaoquan, ZHANG Xueyi, WANG Baoying, ZHANG Yatao
    2025, 51(10): 263-271.
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    Gold (Au), as a precious metal, is widely used in electronics, jewelry, aerospace and catalysis. With the rapid development of modern society and economy, the frequent replacement of electrical and electronic equipment has resulted in electronic waste, which has adversely affected both humanity and the environment, while simultaneously causing significant resource wastage. Adsorption, as a low-cost, pollution-free and highly efficient method, holds promise for the effective recovery of gold from electronic waste liquids.In this paper, PIM-1-COOH (Carboxylic acid modification) and TPIM-1 (Thioamide modification) were synthesized by post-modification of polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) and the modified polymers were prepared as porous adsorption beads by the phase conversion method. Among them, the TPIM-1 porous adsorption beads had excellent acid and alkali resistance and could obtain more than 95% removal in a wide pH range. The pseudo second kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model can well describe the adsorption process of TPIM-1 porous adsorption beads on Au(Ⅲ), and the maximum experimental adsorption capacity was obtained at 45 ℃, which was 1 872.8 mg/g. Even in the presence of 12 coexisting ions, a high removal rate of up to 99.6% was still achieved. The adsorption mechanism study showed that the dual reduction of -NH2 and S in the thioamide functional group was the key to the excellent adsorption performance of TPIM-1 porous adsorption beads.
  • Effects and Mechanisms of Nitrate Regulation on Phosphorus Enrichment Efficiency in Alternating Aerobic/Anaerobic Biofilm Systems
    ZHANG Hao, YANG Zhengjian, WANG Haojie, ZHANG Wei, ZHU Liang, LI Yiping
    2025, 51(10): 272-279.
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    To alleviate phosphorus resource scarcity and optimize phosphorus-containing wastewater treatment, this study investigated the effects and mechanisms of nitrate on the phosphorus enrichment efficiency of alternating aerobic/anaerobic biofilm system. Results indicated that increasing nitrate concentration (from 15 mg/L to 25 mg/L) favored the growth and enrichment of denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs) (from 5.6% to 28.0%). This concurrently promoted the increase in gene abundance involved in key functions of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus metabolism, thereby enhancing nutrient metabolic processes in DPAOs and phosphorus uptake capacity. This consequently elevated phosphorus content within the biofilm, induced a metabolic shift from GAM to PAM in DPAOs, accelerated polyphosphate degradation and phosphorus release during the anaerobic phase, and increased phosphorus concentration in the enrichment solution to 172.5 mg/L. This study provides theoretical support for phosphorus recovery from wastewater and process optimization.
  • Pilot-Scale Study on Phosphorus Recovery from Sludge Digestion Effluent by Electrochemical Precipitation Coupled with Membrane Filtration Technology
    ZHENG Jixing, ZHOU Bo, WANG Xueye, WANG Zhiwei
    2025, 51(10): 280-286.
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    To address the challenges in efficient treatment and resource recovery of sludge digestion effluent with high phosphorus content, a pilot-scale electrochemical precipitation reactor with filtration cathode was established for treating actual sludge anaerobic digestion effluent. This study systematically investigated the effects of operational mode, current density, membrane flux, electrode spacing, and polarity reversal time on phosphorus removal efficiency. Mechanistic insights into the influence of cathode interfacial local pH in phosphorus crystallization were elucidated through theoretical simulation and in-situ measurement. Techno-economic performance was evaluated via product characterization and energy efficiency analysis. The results demonstrated that the flow-through mode significantly enhanced phosphorus removal efficiency by improving convective mass transfer. Under optimal operational parameters (current density of 8 A/m2, membrane flux of 12 L/(m2·h), electrode distance of 2 cm, polarity reversal for 3 min every 6 h), the system achieved a stable phosphorus removal efficiency exceeding 85%. The recovered products primarily consisted of struvite (72.1%) and amorphous calcium phosphate (13.8%), with a phosphorus content of 13.0%, and met the limitation requirements of toxic and harmful substance in fertilizers. The phosphorus recovery energy efficiency of the system is 9.1 g P/kWh, which is higher than those of conventional electrochemical precipitation technologies when treating wastewater. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the efficient treatment and resource recovery of phosphorus from sludge digestion effluent.
  • Study on Ultrafiltration Process for Purifying Surface Water in Southwest Shandong and Membrane Fouling Control
    SONG Jialin, WANG Mingyuan, ZHANG Yi, GU Song, CUI Weinai, LIANG Heng
    2025, 51(10): 287-292.
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    In recent years, groundwater overexploitation in the southwestern region of Shandong Province has intensified, necessitating the urgent utilization of surface water sources to ensure a stable freshwater supply. To evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of ultrafiltration technology for purifying local surface water, this study conducted a pilot-scale experimental investigation. The research focused on optimizing the operating flux parameters of ultrafiltration units for treating simulated effluent from an activated carbon filter and explored the effectiveness of chemically enhanced hydraulic backwashing in mitigating membrane fouling. Results demonstrated that ultrafiltration significantly improves turbidity removal but exhibits limited efficiency in removing organic matter. Transmembrane pressure increased with higher operating fluxes, and the optimal operating flux was determined to be 20~30 L/(m²·h), balancing water production efficiency and membrane fouling rate. Analysis of transmembrane pressure changes, membrane fouling, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization, and membrane surface morphology under varying chemical dosing concentrations and backwashing frequencies revealed that using sodium hypochlorite at a concentration of 10 mg/L in twice-daily chemically enhanced hydraulic backwashing cycles effectively mitigates membrane fouling while minimizing chemical consumption. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing ultrafiltration operational parameters in advanced surface water treatment and controlling membrane fouling.
  • Reaction Kinetics and Mechanisms of Polyamide Membrane Monomer with Persulfate
    JIANG Nanxi, LI Zhenyu, LIU Chao
    2025, 51(10): 293-298.
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    Polyamide (PA) membranes are widely used in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, but one of the drawbacks is low tolerance to chlorine. Consequently, the compatibility of PA membranes with non-chlorine alternative disinfectants, such as peroxymonosulfate (PMS), warrants investigation. In this study, benzanilide (BA) was selected as a model monomer compound for PA membranes to systematically investigate its reaction kinetics, products, and pathways with PMS under various water treatment conditions. Results showed that the reaction rate constant for PMS and BA is 2.3 M-1.24·s-1, which is lower than that of free chlorine, at pH 7.0 and 21 °C. The reaction rate was observed to accelerate with an increase in pH (6.0~8.0) and phosphate concentration (5~50 mmol/L). Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, transformation products including aniline, nitrobenzene, 4-nitrophenol, benzoic acid, and benzamide were identified. The degradation of BA by PMS proceeds via two primary pathways: oxidative attack on the aniline moiety and oxidative cleavage of the amide bond. The findings of this research provide a scientific basis for assessing the applicability of PMS in treatment processes involving PA membranes.
  • Deep Eutectic Solvents Regulated Interfacial Polymerization for fabricating High-Performance Hollow Fiber Nanofiltration Membranes
    YAO Mingduo, YAO Cong, CHEN Yongjun, LI Feng, ZHANG WEIJUN, HOU Deyin
    2025, 51(10): 299-307.
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    To address the trade-off between permeability and selectivity in hollow fiber nanofiltration (HF-NF) membranes, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) system composed of urea and choline chloride was introduced into the interfacial polymerization of piperazine (PIP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). By varying the DES concentration (0.2~1.5 wt%), the chemical structure, pore characteristics, surface properties, and separation performance of the membranes were comprehensively evaluated. The membrane modified with 0.5 wt% DES achieved an optimal balance, exhibiting a pure water flux of 28.76 L/（m2·h·bar） (a 131% increase over the control) and Na2SO4 rejection of 90.6%, with a dramatically improved Na2SO4/NaCl separation factor from 1.87 to 6.25. The contact angle decreased to 64.1°, and Zeta potential shifted from -40.5 mV to -37.8 mV, indicating enhanced hydrophilicity and electrostatic modulation. The flux recovery rate after BSA fouling reached 83.2%, revealing improved antifouling performance. The study demonstrates that DESs regulate PIP diffusion and cross-linking through hydrogen bonding, enabling the formation of a more uniform, hydrophilic polyamide layer, thus offering a green and efficient strategy for high-performance HF-NF membrane fabrication.
  • Carbon Nanotubes Synergistically Activate Potassium Ferrate-Persulfate for Degradation of Organic Matter in Dye Wastewater
    LI Kelei, CHEN Xin, CHENG Xin, LIU Baicang
    2025, 51(10): 308-313.
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    This study employed a synergistic activation system of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) to activate potassium ferrate (Fe(VI)) for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) as a target pollutant. The activation performance, degradation efficiency, and activation mechanisms of this system were investigated. The effects of various factors on MB degradation within the Fe(VI)/CNTs/PDS system were examined.Analytical results demonstrated that under the conditions of an initial MB concentration of 5 mg/L, 0.03 g/L CNTs, 0.005 g/L Fe(VI), and 0.05 mmol/L PDS at pH 9, 71.9% of MB was degraded within 30 minutes. The Fe(VI)/CNTs/PDS system exhibited robust environmental adaptability.Radical quenching and probe experiments confirmed that free radicals (·OH, ·O2-, SO4·-) and high-valent iron species (Fe(V), Fe(IV)) served as the primary reactive substances responsible for MB degradation.
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