10 June 2026, Volume 52 Issue 6
    

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  • Advances in Ozone Mass Transfer Enhancement for Industrial Wastewater Treatment: A Review
    WANG Yunyan, JIN Jiaxin, ZHAO Huazhang, ZHU Dandan, LI Jianfeng, SHI Jinkai
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 1-11.
    Abstract | Download PDF ( ) Cite this Article Knowledge map Save
    This paper provides a systematic review of the free radical and non-free radical oxidation pathways and their mechanisms in the process of ozone degradation of organic pollutants. Based on this, the paper focuses on enhancing ozone mass transfer and summarizes the research progress and mechanisms of related technologies from three aspects: 1) improving ozone solid-liquid mass transfer efficiency through the addition of catalysts, 2) promoting gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency by optimizing reactor structures, and 3) enhancing the gas-liquid mass transfer process by applying external physical energy. Additionally, the paper summarizes typical application cases of ozone mass transfer enhancement technology in industrial wastewater treatment. It aims to provide systematic literature support for the application and enhancement strategies of ozone oxidation technology in the field of industrial wastewater treatment, which is of significant importance for ensuring ecological environmental safety and human health. The paper also presents an outlook on future research directions.
  • Application and Prospect of Metal-Organic Frameworks in the Treatment of Antibiotic Pollution in Water Bodies
    WANG Yujia, FENG Weiyang, LIU Junnan, LIU Yuhan
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 12-20.
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    Antibiotic contamination has emerged as a pressing global water pollution concern, yet conventional water treatment technologies exhibit inherent limitations in the efficient removal of antibiotics. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as an emerging class of porous materials, have garnered considerable interest in aqueous-phase antibiotic adsorption owing to their superior adsorption performance and excellent chemical stability. This review systematically summarizes the applications of MOFs in antibiotic adsorption from water, with a focus on their core adsorption mechanisms—including electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, the key factors governing adsorption efficiency (e.g., solution pH, temperature, and coexisting ions) are systematically elucidated. Notably, modification and functionalization strategies for MOFs have proven effective in enhancing their adsorption capacity and selectivity toward target antibiotics. Despite their promising application prospects, MOFs still face practical challenges, such as cumbersome material regeneration processes and high synthesis costs. Finally, this review offers a forward-looking perspective on the future development trends of MOFs in addressing antibiotic pollution in water systems.
  • Preparation of Molecular Imprinted Polymers and Their Application Prospects in Water Treatment
    REN Jie, WEN Zhan, LI Huiping
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 21-27.
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    This review summarizes the development progress, synthesis principles, and preparation methods of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), while systematically elaborating on their applications and prospects in water treatment. Existing global research indicates that molecular imprinting technology primarily focuses on the removal, adsorption, and recognition of trace and micro-pollutants in water treatment, with a focus on laboratory-scale studies involving endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), antibiotic residues, and heavy metals in aqueous environments. Notably, MIPs are particularly suited for the removal of trace pollutants in water, exhibiting favorable recyclability and feasibility in laboratory settings. However, they still have limitations regarding adsorption efficiency and environmental adaptability. Looking forward, it is imperative to promote large-scale application of MIPs, integrate material development with process coupling, and explore molecularly imprinted composite technologies that integrate precise recognition, efficient adsorption, and cyclic reuse.
  • Research Progress of PPCPs Removal from Water by Biochar
    LU Yixin, DING Yi, CHEN Tingting, WANG Aojie, XU Zhicheng, CHEN Jiao
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 28-34.
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    As a typical class of emerging contaminants (ECs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic environments. These pollutants exhibit toxicity, biorefractory properties, and "pseudo-persistence" in water bodies, posing significant threats to the ecological environment and human health. Biochar and its modified derivatives possess a large specific surface area, abundant surface functional groups, numerous adsorption sites, and low preparation costs, thus exhibiting considerable application potential for the removal of PPCPs from aqueous systems. This review briefly describes the preparation and modification methods of biochar, and analyzes the influences of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of biochar. Additionally, the adsorption performance and mechanisms of biochar for several typical PPCPs (including antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibacterial agents, and caffeine) in water are summarized. Finally, several future development directions are proposed, such as in-depth investigation of biochar adsorption mechanisms, practical applications in real wastewater treatment, and the development of efficient biochar recovery technologies, aiming to provide insights for the application of biochar in PPCP removal.
  • Research Status and Development Trends of Ozone Coupling Technology for Removing Ammonia Nitrogen
    CHEN Zhanli, XIONG Yue, ZHANG Xinzi, SUN Xiangrong
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 35-40.
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    Ammonia nitrogen wastewater pollution has become a pressing challenge in global water environment management, with conventional treatment technologies plagued by notable limitations. Ozone oxidation technology exhibits considerable potential for ammonia nitrogen wastewater treatment, owing to its robust oxidizing ability and environmental benignity. This review systematically elaborates on the reaction mechanisms of ozone-mediated ammonia oxidation, classifies widely used catalysts, and investigates synergistic mechanisms when combined with complementary treatment processes. It also presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis and assesses associated environmental benefits. Furthermore, this review highlights current bottlenecks in practical applications, outlines cutting-edge research directions, and identifies emerging strategies to mitigate these limitations. These findings are intended to offer valuable insights for advancing both research and industrial application of ozone-based technologies in ammonia nitrogen wastewater remediation.
  • Research Progress of Constructed Wetlands Combined Process in Wastewater Nitrogen Removal
    CUI Yuxin, DING Yi
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 41-50.
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    Constructed wetlands (CWs) possess inherent nitrogen removal potential; however, the nitrogen removal efficiency of single-stage CWs exhibits significant fluctuations. The application of combined CW systems is expected to substantially enhance the nitrogen removal performance and stability of CW-based treatment. This review systematically summarizes the specific configurations and nitrogen removal mechanisms of three core processes: composite CW denitrification, bio-coupled CW denitrification, and chemo-coupled CW denitrification. By integrating case studies and comparative analyses, this review elaborates on the specific workflows of combined denitrification systems involving CWs paired with biological or chemical technologies, and proposes a bio-chemical coupled CW denitrification approach. Finally, future research directions related to this field are outlined.
  • Performance Variations and Condition Optimization in Simultaneous and Efficient Removal of PFOS and Three Novel Alternatives by Coconut Shell Activated Carbon
    DENG Mi, PEI Kexuan, WANG Jiaqi, LI Panrong, WU Chenxi, XIONG Jianzhong
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 51-57.
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    This study employed coconut shell-derived activated carbon (CSAC) for the adsorptive removal of four per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from aqueous solutions, including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and three of its alternatives (F-53B, OBS, and 6:2 FTS). The concentrations of these PFASs were precisely quantified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of operational parameters—including temperature, initial pH, initial PFAS concentration, CSAC particle size and dosage, agitation speed, and reaction volume—on the PFAS removal efficiency. Key findings are summarized as follows: Elevating the reaction temperature (15~35 ℃) and increasing the CSAC dosage (50~150 mg/L) both significantly enhanced the PFAS removal rates. Among the four PFASs, F-53B exhibited the most significant response to temperature variation, achieving a removal rate of 90.3% at 35 °C. Acidic conditions (pH 1~3) were found to be most favorable for the adsorptive process. Under these optimal acidic conditions, the removal efficiencies of the four PFASs followed the order: F-53B (98.3%) > PFOS (97.7%) > 6:2 FTS (96.6%) > OBS (89.7%), which represented an increase of 11.2%~28.4% compared to alkaline conditions (pH=11). Reducing the CSAC particle size (from ≤20 mesh to 30~60 mesh) and increasing the initial PFAS concentration (50~4 000 μg/L) resulted in shorter adsorption equilibrium times and accelerated initial adsorption kinetics. Under optimized kinetic conditions (agitation speed of 100 r/min, reaction volume of 50 mL, and horizontal shaking mode), the removal efficiencies of the four PFASs reached 97%~99.2% within 48 hours. This research provides critical operational parameters and a theoretical foundation for the efficient control of PFAS contamination in aqueous environments using CSAC.
  • Effect of Convective Effect on the Water Evaporation Performance of Biomass Materials
    WANG Wei, LI Yuheng, HUAN Xi, JIN Haobin, CHEN Jiangtao, ZHU Hangke
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 58-63.
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    Solar interfacial evaporation has demonstrated considerable potential in water treatment and desalination owing to its green, environmentally benign, and energy-efficient characteristics. Porous evaporation materials are central to enhancing interfacial evaporation performance, and biomass-derived materials, with their naturally developed pore networks, provide efficient pathways for interfacial water transport and vapor diffusion. In this study, a biomass-derived porous carbon material incorporating vertically arrayed drilled channels was fabricated, and the effects of ambient convective airflow (1~4 m/s) on its evaporation rate and salt resistance were systematically investigated. Under one standard solar irradiance (1 kW/m2), the three-dimensional drilled-channel material achieved an evaporation rate of 1.53 kg/(m2·h) in 3.5% NaCl solution, which was maintained at 1.31 kg/(m2·h) even under 10 wt% high-salinity conditions, demonstrating effective salt-tolerant evaporation. The application of ambient convective airflow further enhanced the vapor output rate, reaching evaporation rates of 3.35, 3.70, and 4.08 kg/(m2·h) at wind speeds of 1, 2, and 4 m/s, respectively. Notably, under combined conditions of 20% salinity and a 2 m/s wind speed, the material achieved an evaporation rate of 3.11 kg/(m2·h) and an evaporation efficiency of 102.84%, indicating that moderate ambient convection enhances salt-resistant interfacial evaporation and maintains high desalination performance.
  • MnO2-Coated Rice Husk Biochar for Efficient Removal of U(VI) from Aqueous Solution
    LING Ranran, DUAN Yi, ZHOU Shukui, YANG Yuewu
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 64-69.
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    The rapid development of the nuclear power and fuel processing industries has generated significant volumes of low-concentration uranium-containing wastewater, posing a serious threat to the environment, ecosystems, and human health. Consequently, it is imperative to remove hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) from such wastewater. A composite material (MBC) was synthesized by modifying rice husk biochar with manganese dioxide (MnO2). Factors affecting its uranium removal capacity were studied, and the uranium adsorption mechanism was investigated in depth. Results showed that under optimal conditions–initial U(VI) concentration of 5 mg/L, pH 4, MBC dosage of 0.3 g/L, and adsorption time of 60 min–MBC exhibited the highest U(VI) removal efficiency, reaching 97.55%. The adsorption isotherm of MBC for U(VI) follows the Freundlich model, and the adsorption kinetics conform to the pseudo-second-order model. The primary mechanism of U(VI) removal by MBC involves surface complexation between U(VI) and oxygen-containing functional groups on the MBC surface.
  • Performance and Mechanism of Bamboo-Based Biochar-Loaded Chitosan Deep Removal of U(VI) from Wastewater
    PAN Caixu, DUAN Yi, XIE Shuibo, QIU Yitao, LIU Yingjiu, HUANG Huayong
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 70-76.
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    To address the challenges of low treatment efficiency in the advanced treatment of low-concentration uranium-containing radioactive wastewater, as well as the limited U(Ⅵ) removal efficiency when biochar-based materials or chitosan are used individually, a bamboo-based activated chitosan-loaded carbon composite (CTS/PBC-A) was prepared using bamboo and chitosan as raw materials via the molten alkali method and in-situ precipitation method. Under the experimental conditions of initial U( Ⅵ) concentration=5.00 mg/L, CTS/PBC-A dosage=0.10 g/L, pH=6, temperature = 25 ℃, and reaction time = 2 h, the maximum adsorption capacity of CTS/PBC-A reached 321.36 mg/g, with a U(Ⅵ) removal efficiency of 97.8%~28.9% higher than that of bamboo-based activated carbon (PBC-A) alone. Kinetic and adsorption isotherm model fitting confirmed that the adsorption process was dominated by multi-layer chemisorption. Characterizations via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified that sodium (Na) and chitosan were successfully introduced onto the PBC surface through the molten alkali and in-situ precipitation methods. This modification activated surface functional groups, significantly enhancing U(Ⅵ) ion exchange and surface complexation interactions.
  • Preparation of Iron-Carbon Composite Material by Co-Thermal Decomposition of Red Mud/Biomass and Its Performance in Removing Hexavalent Chromium from Water
    ZHANG Yongjiang, LI Fangyi, MAO Jieyi, RAN Tao, LI Xixi, CHENG Zhiliang
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 77-83.
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    Hexavalent chromium in water bodies poses significant threats to the ecological environment and human health. Utilizing the high adsorption capacity of biochar and the strong reducing properties of zero-valent iron, the removal rate of hexavalent chromium in water can be significantly enhanced. This study primarily involved the co-thermal decomposition of red mud and Pistia stratiotesto prepare iron-carbon composite materials (Fe/C-CMs), exploring the effects of factors such as the mass ratio of red mud to biomass, sintering temperature, and sintering time on the performance of Fe/C-CMs. Subsequently, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the crystal phase and surface groups of the prepared materials. Potassium dichromate solution was used as a simulated hexavalent chromium (Cr(Ⅵ)) wastewater to conduct experimental studies on the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) by Fe/C-CMs, optimizing the dosage of Fe/C-CMs, the initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ), and the initial pH process parameters of the wastewater solution. The elemental valence and surface characteristics of the materials before and after the reaction were analyzed by XPS and SEM to explore the removal mechanism of the experiment. The experimental results indicated that the optimal preparation conditions for Fe/C-CMs are: a mass ratio of red mud to Pistia stratiotesof 1:2, a sintering temperature of 700 ℃, and a sintering time of 2 h. Under the optimal conditions of 0.3 g/L Fe/C-CMs dosage, 25 mg/L initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration, and an initial pH of 1 for the wastewater solution, the removal rate of Cr(Ⅵ) can reach over 98%. Mechanism studies revealed that the primary mechanism of Cr(Ⅵ) removal by Fe/C-CMs is the reduction of Fe0. This research provides new insights into the resource utilization of biomass and red mud, as well as the removal of heavy metals like Cr(Ⅵ) from aqueous solutions.
  • The Kinetic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Phosphorus Adsorption by the Unburned Composite Filler FA-ZC
    LIQING Cimu, DENG Qin, LI Jincheng, WANG Ruotong, WEI Chunman, LU Haimin
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 84-92.
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    In order to provide an efficient and low-cost phosphorus removal filter media for artificial wetlands or ecological filter beds, while addressing the resource utilization of coal-fired power plant waste, this study used fly ash and coal gasification slag as the main raw materials. A no-burn composite filler (FA-ZC) was prepared using a solid-phase synthesis method, and its phosphorus adsorption effect was investigated. The physical properties of FA-ZC were characterized in detail using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Static adsorption experiments, along with kinetic fitting, adsorption isotherms, and thermodynamic modeling, were employed to evaluate the phosphorus adsorption properties of FA-ZC and explore the adsorption mechanism. The experimental results indicated that FA-ZC showed significant phosphorus adsorption with the increase of adsorption time, reaching equilibrium after 300 minutes. The initial phosphorus concentration had a significant effect on the equilibrium adsorption amount, with higher initial concentrations leading to an increase in the adsorption amount. The Langmuir isothermal adsorption model fitted at different temperatures showed that the maximum adsorption capacity was 28.42 mg/g at 298 K. Kinetic modeling of the phosphorus adsorption process revealed that all four models used were able to describe the adsorption process well, indicating that both physical and chemical adsorption occurred simultaneously on the surface of FA-ZC. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the thermodynamic parameters ∆Gθ <; 0 and ∆Hθ >; 0, indicating that the phosphorus adsorption by FA-ZC is a process involving both physical and chemical adsorption, and the adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous, which is consistent with the results of the kinetic and isothermal adsorption curves. In the adsorption performance experiments, it was found that FA-ZC had the best adsorption effect under acidic conditions, which was also confirmed by the zero point charge measurement of FA-ZC. Based on the above results, it is hypothesized that the phosphorus removal mechanism of FA-ZC involves a combination of physical adsorption, chemical adsorption, and chemical precipitation, mainly relying on ligand exchange and chemical reactions. In conclusion, FA-ZC is a cost-effective filter material with excellent phosphorus removal performance, applicable to a wide range of applications.
  • Advanced Treatment of Tailwater of Animal Carcass Wastewater by Heterogeneous Fenton with Zero-Valent Iron and Persulfate
    YE Shudong, ZENG Chao, LI Bing
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 93-97.
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    To address the poor biodegradability (B/C = 0.086) induced by refractory inert organic compounds in the biochemical effluent of animal carcass wastewater (hereafter referred to as "effluent"), this study constructed a heterogeneous Fenton-like system integrated with aerobic biological treatment for advanced purification, which was based on zero-valent iron (Fe0)-activated persulfate (Fe0/S2O82-). The effects of initial pH, Fe0 dosage, and S2O82- concentration on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, color removal, and biodegradability improvement were systematically investigated. Meanwhile, the mechanisms underlying the sulfate radical (SO4⁻·)-driven selective conversion of inert components into short-chain fatty acids were elucidated via radical quenching experiments, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Under optimized conditions (Fe0 = 4 g/L, S2O82- = 25 mmol/L, initial pH = 6.2), the COD and color removal efficiencies reached 66.0% and 60.4%, respectively–7.2 and 5 times higher than those of the Fe0-only or S2O82--only systems. The BOD5/COD ratio increased to 0.68, with iron ion leaching concentration below 10 mg/L. After 24 h of aerobic biological treatment, the COD further decreased from 225 mg/L to 85 mg/L, and the color reduced from 99 degrees to 15 degrees, accompanied by an increase in the biodegradation rate from 15.9% to 62.2%. This integrated process maintained a COD removal efficiency of over 50% within a pH range of 2~9, indicating high efficiency, broad applicability, and low sludge production. These results demonstrate that the Fe0 /S2O82- process provides an engineering-feasible novel strategy for the detoxification and purification of biochemical effluent from animal carcass wastewater.
  • Experimental Study on Plasma Wastewater Treatment Based on Bipolar High-Voltage Pulse Power Supply
    XU Li, TANG Deli, ZHANG Zhenghao, JIAN Yi, WANG Can, HUANG Xiaojun
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 98-104.
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    This study aims to explore the treatment of wastewater with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and high salinity and optimize the plasma treatment process. A self - developed bipolar high - voltage pulse power supply and a four - channel plate - to - plate plasma generator were used to investigate the effects of discharge voltage, the number of discharge channels, frequency, and duty cycle on the treatment effect. The parameters of the wastewater were measured every 10 minutes.The experimental results show that plasma treatment can effectively reduce the COD, salinity, conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) content of the wastewater. After 30 minutes of treatment, under the conditions of 10 kV, four channels, and a 10% duty cycle, the COD decreased from 4.1×104 mg/L to 3.5×104 mg/L. When the voltage was 12 kV, it dropped to 2.52×104 mg/L. After 20 minutes of treatment, the salinity of the wastewater treated with four channels was approximately 1.4 PPT, while that treated with two channels was about 1.55 PPT. When the duty cycle increased from 10% to 20%, after 20 minutes of treatment, the COD was approximately 3.7×104 mg/L at a 10% duty cycle and about 3.3×104 mg/L at a 20% duty cycle. Meanwhile, the pH of the wastewater decreased and the temperature increased slightly. Therefore, increasing the voltage, the number of discharge channels, and appropriately increasing the duty cycle can accelerate the change rate of various indicators and improve the treatment effect.This study provides data support and theoretical basis for the practical application of plasma wastewater treatment technology.
  • Simultaneous Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Micro-Polluted Water Using Sulfur-Iron Composite Filter Bed
    JIN Lifang, WANG Jing, CHEN Jing, LI Zicong, LI Ziwei, ZHOU Zhongbo
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 105-110.
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    To address nitrate pollution and agricultural non-point source contamination in small rural water bodies of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, this study developed a composite filter bed system utilizing sulfur-iron composite fillers as electron donors to support autotrophic nitrogen and phosphorus removal. This study investigated the system's nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance, biofilm morphological characteristics, microbial community structure, and functional gene profiles. Experimental results demonstrated that the sulfur-iron composite medium achieves efficient denitrification while also facilitating phosphorus removal via chemical precipitation and adsorption. High nutrient removal efficiencies were attained: 85.65% for total nitrogen (TN), 70%~100% for nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), and 70%~90% for phosphate (PO43--P). High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum, with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Thiobacillus) and iron-reducing bacteria (e.g., Ferritrophicum) playing pivotal roles in the nitrogen removal process. This thereby constructed a microbial functional network centered on sulfur-iron-nitrogen coupled metabolism.
  • Synergistic Removal of Dissolved Organic Matter in Inland Lakes via Pre-Adsorption and Coagulation: Efficiency and Mechanisms
    HAO Zijing, LI WEI, HAN Wujie, WANG DONG, ZHANG Longgang, HU Shuai
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 111-118.
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    To address the ecological restoration challenges of Wuxing Lake—the largest natural inland freshwater lake in Shanxi Province—caused by high organic matter content and poor biodegradability, this study proposes a combined process of powdered activated carbon (PAC) pre-adsorption and coagulation. The process targets the removal of refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) from lake water to meet the Grade V criteria specified in the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838–2002). Comparative experiments were conducted on three coagulant types (iron-based and aluminum-based) and three PAC variants (coal-based, wood-based, and coconut shell-based) to evaluate their DOM removal efficiencies. Results indicated the following: In the coagulation unit, iron-based coagulants outperformed aluminum-based counterparts. Specifically, ferric chloride (FeCl3) alone achieved chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal rates of 45.2% and 16.5% for raw lake water, respectively; In the adsorption unit, coal-based PAC exhibited significantly higher efficiency than wood-based and coconut shell-based PAC, with COD and TN removal rates of 20.7% and 30.7%, respectively; The synergistic adsorption-coagulation system achieved maximum COD and TN removal rates of 64.1% and 44.6%, respectively. Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) spectroscopy coupled with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) analysis revealed that PAC pre-adsorption effectively removed refractory microbial metabolic byproducts (RMBPs) with a removal rate of 52.2%, while coagulation primarily targeted humic-like substances, achieving a removal efficiency of 56.3%.
  • Study on the Biological Action Mechanism of Porous Carriers in Biological Slow Filtration System
    LI Shengjie, LIU Laisheng, LI Zhihua
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 119-125.
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    This study constructed three groups of biological slow filtration systems (R1~R3) and compared the differences in biofilm formation characteristics and removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen and organic matter between traditional filler quartz sand (R1) and porous hollow sphere fillers (R2, R3); through the extraction of extracellular polymers in biofilm and high-throughput sequencing of microorganisms based on 16S rRNA, the differences in EPS components and contents and microorganisms in different systems were explored. The results showed that R2 and R3 showed significant performance advantages in the stable operation stage, with average CODMn removal rates of 58% and 58.9% (R1 was 42.17%), and average ammonia nitrogen removal rates of 88.3% and 90% (R1 was 74.9%). The interconnected pore structure of the porous hollow ball filler was conducive to the growth of microorganisms. The biomass of R2 and R3 increased by 31.8% and 36.3% compared with that of R1. The difference in fillers mainly affected the distribution pattern of protein components rather than the composition of core components. The polysaccharide and protein content in EPS of R2 and R3 increased by 1.78 times compared with that of R1. The high PS ratio and low PN/PS value caused the loosening of the biofilm, shaping the unique phenotype of "high activity-low density" of the hollow ball group biofilm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that all biofilms contained carboxyl (1 640 cm-1) and amino (1 540 cm-1)); the microbial community structure was similar. Microbial α-diversity analysis showed that the Shannon index of R2 and R3 was 12.18% and 17.28% higher than that of R1, and the main degrading bacteria were Proteobacteria (45.2%~52.1%), Bacteroidetes (18.7%~22.4%) and Actinobacteria (6.39%~11.84%).
  • Experimental Study on the Treatment of High Concentration Organic Wastewater by Low Temperature Vacuum Evaporation + Electric Field Coupling Microwave Combined Process
    WANG Nie, LIU Yungen, MA Rong, YANG Silin, LI jinlei, ZHU Tongxuan
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 126-132.
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    To address the characteristics of high-concentration organic wastewater (HCOWW) — including high organic matter content, complex composition, and significant water quality fluctuations— this study constructed an electric field-enhanced microwave catalytic oxidation reactor (E-MCOR) and proposed a combined process of low-temperature vacuum evaporation coupled with electric field-microwave for HCOWW treatment. Experimental results showed that under neutral conditions, the average removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD, initial concentration ~4.0× 104 mg/L) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N, initial concentration ~700 mg/L) reached over 90% and 80%, respectively, with the average effluent total phosphorus (TP) concentration below 1.0 mg/L. Compared with Fenton oxidation and electrochemical oxidation, the microwave catalytic oxidation process (core of E-MCOR) increased COD removal efficiency by 53.0% and 79.6%, while reducing energy consumption per unit COD removal by 53.7% and 74.2%, respectively. The E-MCOR achieved optimal comprehensive benefits under the conditions of 12.5 g/L activated carbon dosage and 1 kW microwave power. With a 1 V electric field enhancement, the removal rates of COD and NH4+-N further increased by 20.8% and 10%, respectively. For HCOWW with COD concentrations ranging from 1.0×104 to 2.0×104 mg/L, the E-MCOR system exhibited a COD reduction of approximately 4.0×103 mg/L, with an energy consumption of only 1.105×10-4 kWh per unit COD removal—significantly lower than that of conventional microwave water treatment technologies. By leveraging the synergistic effects of low-temperature vacuum evaporation and electric fieldcoupled microwave catalytic oxidation, this technical system breaks through the existing bottlenecks in HCOWW treatment, providing an innovative solution that balances technical economy and engineering reliability for HCOWW remediation.
  • In-Situ Start-Up and Stability Study of Pilot-Scale Partial Nitritation MBBR System
    LI Yitong, WEI Yuxuan, DOU Nasha, XU Bin, ZHANG Jianhua, BI Xuejun
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 133-138.
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    This study investigated the feasibility of in-situ start-up of partial nitrification (PN) in a pilot-scale moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) by inoculating conventional nitrification-denitrification sludge and adding blank carriers. The results demonstrated that successful in-situ start-up of the pilot-scale PN-MBBR system was achieved within 89 days via the synergistic regulation of oxygen-limited conditions and intermittent aeration. The system exhibited efficient PN performance, with an average effluent nitrate concentration of merely 4.8 mg/L and a high average nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) of 95.4% under an influent ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentration of 241.5 mg/L. Significant enhancement of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) dominance and substantial suppression of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were observed, as evidenced by 62.5-fold and 110-fold increases in the AOB/NOB activity ratio and abundance ratio, respectively. This system configuration fostered a stable functional microbial community conducive to PN maintenance. The system's stability stemmed from the synergistic effects of multiple inhibitory factors: low dissolved oxygen (DO) combined with dynamic high free ammonia (FA) and free nitrous acid (FNA) environments selectively inhibited NOB, while the discharge of floc sludge from the system effectively washed out NOB.
  • Effect of Ozone Dosage on Treatment Efficiency of An Ozone-Ceramic Membrane-Activated Carbon Integrated Process
    WANG Ting, CHEN Qianhua
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 139-142.
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    To improve the pollutant removal efficiency of raw water and mitigate membrane fouling, a pilot-scale study was conducted on an integrated ozone-ceramic membrane-activated carbon (O₃-CM-AC) process. Results showed that the ozone-ceramic membrane unit effectively removed turbidity from raw water, with its removal efficiency positively correlated with ozone dosage. The integrated process achieved excellent chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal performance, maintaining effluent COD below 1.0 mg/L, and the ceramic membrane unit made the most significant contribution to COD reduction. Effluent total organic carbon (TOC) was also maintained below 1.0 mg/L; however, the TOC removal efficiency of the ceramic membrane unit decreased with increasing ozone dosage. Regarding membrane fouling control, the automatic backwashing system of the integrated process effectively mitigated fouling, with a transmembrane pressure (TMP) growth rate of approximately 1.0 kPa/d. This integrated process overcomes the limitations of conventional membrane treatment processes (e.g., proneness to fouling and limited operational lifespan) while featuring high integration and automation. It holds substantial significance for the upgrading of centralized water treatment plants and the application of decentralized water treatment systems.
  • Degradation of Wastewater Derived from the Alkaline Wash of 2-Ethylanthraquinone by Fenton Oxidation Method
    SUN Xiaoxue, WANG Deju, ZHENG Junlin, LI Renjie, GUO Youdi, LIU Li
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 143-147.
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    Given the refractory properties of organic pollutants in wastewater from 2-ethylanthraquinone alkaline washing, this study systematically investigated the influencing mechanisms of Fenton oxidation on the treatment efficacy of this wastewater and the pathways for process optimization. Single-factor experiments identified the optimal ranges of key operational parameters: initial pH (pH0) = 2~6, ferrous salt dosage = 2~6 g/L, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dosage = 20~60 mL/L. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to realize multi-factor synergistic optimization of the process conditions, and the experimental results showed good consistency with the model predictions. At the scale-up stage, a three-stage operational strategy ("pH adjustment → ferrous salt addition → gradient feeding of H2O2") was adopted, which increased the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency by an additional 4%. This approach provides a reference solution for the retrofitting of treatment facilities treating recalcitrant organic wastewater.
  • Case Study on Upgrading and Renovation Project of A Tannery Industrial Zone Wastewater Treatment Plant with Carbon Source Application
    LIU Qiang, GOU Xiaodong, ZHANG Shen, GUO Shouxing
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 148-152.
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    A wastewater treatment plant in a tannery industrial park, originally designed for 10×104 m3/d capacity, implemented process upgrades to ensure compliance with water quality standards at key river monitoring sections within the watershed. The total treatment scale will remain unchanged after the upgrading, including tannery wastewater treatment scale of 2.5×104 m3/d and municipal wastewater treatment scale of 7.5×104 m3/d, with the addition of a primary biochemical treatment system for tannery wastewater, ozone pre-oxidation and ozone catalytic oxidation process. Operational data from January 2023 to December 2023 demonstrate effluent quality parameters (COD: 23.21 mg/L, NH3-N: 0.52 mg/L, TP: 0.20 mg/L, TN: 11.08 mg/L) consistently meeting designed discharge standards. Comparative analysis revealed that composite carbon sources achieved comparable denitrification efficiency to sodium acetate while reducing carbon supplementation costs by 39.04% per ton of treated wastewater, demonstrating viable substitution potential as external carbon sources.
  • Research on the Operational Performance of Water Treatment Plant Upgrade and Transformation to Cope with Water Quality Shock Loads
    CAO Tianpeng, SHI Jun, LI Pengxiang, WANG Pengwen
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 153-159.
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    The water purification plant in Yulin High-Tech Zone faces significant challenges due to aging facilities and outdated processes. Under shock load conditions, this results in notable fluctuations in effluent quality, making it difficult to consistently meet current national standards. To address these issues, the plant's upgrade and renovation project adopted a combined process: "potassium permanganate-activated carbon (KMnO4-AC) pretreatment + clarifier + submerged membrane tank (converted from the original siphon filter tank)". This integrated process is designed to improve pollutant removal efficiency and ensure long-term stable compliance of effluent quality with national standards. This study summarizes the process upgrade and renovation plan of the plant and elaborates on the design and application details of the combined process. Following renovation, the turbidity removal rate was stably maintained above 80%; the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate was significantly improved from the previous fluctuating range of 60%~70% to over 90%; and the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) removal rate was stabilized at approximately 90%. The effluent quality not only complies with the national Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749–2022) but also guarantees long-term stable and safe urban water supply. This technical solution provides valuable experience and a reference basis for the upgrade and renovation of similar water purification plants.
  • Design of Pure Water Supply Device for Engine Washing of Marine Helicopter
    LIU Wei, LI Yuxuan, WAN Xinbin
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(6): 160-164.
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    Engine flushing is a critical maintenance procedure for marine helicopters, and the preparation of compliant pure flushing water constitutes the core prerequisite for this task. This study focuses on the design and development of a ship-borne pure water supply device for helicopter engine flushing. Based on the operational environmental requirements of ships, a combined treatment process—ion exchange + activated carbon adsorption + microfiltration + reverse osmosis (RO) + electrodeionization (EDI)—was selected. This study completes the device's overall design scheme and performance calculations for core units. In accordance with the novel combined design, a prototype with a pure water production capacity of 0.45 t/h was trial-manufactured, and its water quality was systematically tested. Experimental results indicate that the RO membrane unit of the prototype achieves a salt rejection rate of over 97% for raw water, with a water recovery rate exceeding 70%. The pure water produced by the device exhibits the following key indicators: total dissolved solids (TDS) < 1 mg/L, electrical conductivity < 2 µS/cm, and soluble silica content < 0.02 mg/L. All parameters fully meet the water quality specifications for marine helicopter engine flushing. Characterized by a compact footprint, low energy consumption, and high operational stability, the designed device provides a technical reference for the development of ship-borne pure water supply systems for helicopter engine flushing in China.
Administrated:
China National BlueStar (Group) Co., Ltd
Sponsored by:
Hangzhou Water Treatment Technology Development Center Co., Ltd
Publisher：
Editorial Department of “Technology of Water Treatment”
Chief Editor：
Gao Congjie (Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering)
Editor in Chief：Wang Qi
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