10 February 2026, Volume 52 Issue 2
    

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  • Research Progress on Nanofiltration Membranes for Lithium Recovery from Spent Power Lithium-Ion Batteries
    JIA Mengmeng, DENG Tingting, GUAN Yunshan, HOU Zhaofei, SHENG Lili, CHE Shi, WEI Yanying
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 1-12.
    Abstract | Download PDF ( ) Cite this Article Knowledge map Save
    In recent years, the rapid rise of the new energy vehicle industry has led to a sharp increase in the number of Spent power lithium-ion batteries. These spent batteries are rich in high‑value lithium resources, and their efficient and selective recovery is of strategic importance for achieving resource sustainability and ensuring environmental safety. Nanofiltration (NF) membrane technology, with its ion-selective separation mechanism based on size sieving and electrostatic interactions, has demonstrated remarkable potential for the efficient separation of lithium from other multivalent metal ions in complex leachate systems. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the application of NF membranes for the resource recovery of retired power batteries, with a particular focus on membrane material design and modification strategies, process parameter optimization, separation mechanism elucidation, and key technical challenges encountered in practical applications. Finally, potential future research directions are proposed, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and engineering reference for the development of high‑efficiency, environmentally friendly lithium recovery technologies.
  • Advancements in Iodide Removal Technologies and Their Feasibility for Groundwater Deiodination
    DAI Ruilong, LI Xing, WANG Nan, ZHOU Zhiwei, ZHAO Li, LIU Yongwang
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 13-18.
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    Iodine pollution in groundwater is a pressing global concern, affecting regions worldwide. Implementing effective iodine removal technologies is critical to meeting drinking water standards and safeguarding water security. This review summarizes the primary sources and speciation of iodine in polluted groundwater, evaluates the efficiency of current iodide removal methods, and assesses the feasibility of various technologies for groundwater deiodination. Research indicates that groundwater iodine pollution primarily stems from geochemical processes, including seawater intrusion, degradation of iodine-rich marine organic matter, leaching of marine sediments, and groundwater evaporation. Iodide (I-) is the dominant species, with other inorganic and organic iodine forms being minor contributors. Adsorption, chemical coprecipitation, ion exchange, membrane separation, biological methods, and their combinations are effective for iodide removal—particularly in treating high-concentration industrial wastewater. For groundwater with iodide concentrations below 1 mg/L, conventional adsorbents such as activated carbon, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), anion exchange resins, and porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) struggle to meet drinking water iodide removal standards. Membrane separation technologies (e.g., reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF)) are effective for treating iodide-containing groundwater at various scales but face challenges in handling iodide-rich concentrate disposal. Oxidation techniques can convert iodide to elemental iodine (I2), which can then be coupled with adsorption, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane filtration to enhance deiodination efficiency. Among these, hybrid oxidation-adsorption processes using multifunctional composites (e.g., Bi2O3-Bi2S3, γ-MnO2, Bi2O3@MnO2, and Ag2O-Ag/TiO2) exhibit exceptional iodide removal performance and high feasibility for groundwater deiodination applications.
  • Research Progress on Zirconium-Based Composite Adsorbent Materials for Fluoride Removal from Water
    ZHANG Baoqing, XU Ran, KENG Zizhe, LI Ya
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 19-25.
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    Zirconium-based adsorbents have been extensively employed in pollutant purification owing to their high affinity, stability, and low cost, and they exhibit significant advantages in adsorbing fluoride from wastewater. The fluoride removal mechanisms of zirconium-based adsorbents primarily involve ion exchange with hydroxyl groups and electrostatic attraction under acidic conditions. Additionally, these adsorbents can be effectively regenerated using aqueous alkaline solutions. Synthesis routes such as hydrothermal synthesis, co-precipitation, and impregnation enable the integration of zirconium with various substrates, including metal oxides, resins, hydrogels, and graphene. These composite materials exhibit unique sizes, morphologies, and chemical properties, thereby enhancing the adsorption capacity and selectivity for fluoride. This review provides a comprehensive overview of zirconium-based adsorbents, including their types, defluoridation mechanisms, adsorption performance, and application strategies. It aims to serve as a reference for future research, promote the application and optimization of zirconium-based adsorbents in water defluoridation, and support the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly water treatment technologies.
  • Bibliometric Analysis of Hot Spots and Trends in Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization Technology
    SONG Zhiwei, LEI Yaru, QIAN Feng, XIE Xiaolin, SUN Cheng, SONG Yonghui
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 26-33.
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    The global drive toward carbon neutrality has intensified research on energy recovery and wastewater valorisation. Flow-electrode capacitive deionisation (FCDI)-a capacitive deionisation variant first reported in 2013—has since gained prominence in materials science, chemistry and environmental engineering. To clarify the status, hotspots and development trends of FCDI research, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of publications indexed in Web of Science from 2013 to 2023. In that decade, 630 articles were published, showing steady annual growth. China produced the largest share (43.8%), though its mean citation rate (23.7 citations per article) trailed Germany (49.2), Australia (47.5), the United States (35.2) and South Korea (34.3). Desalination was the most prolific journal. Present research centres on improving flow-electrode materials and enhancing system performance for seawater and brackish-water desalination, selective ion removal, resource recovery and energy generation. Future efforts should address treatment of complex real-world waters, design of large-scale FCDI systems and further optimisation of operational efficiency.
  • Progress in the Removal of Water-based Typical Antibiotics Using Metal Organic Frameworks (Fe-MOFs)
    WANG YuJia, ZHOU Ziang, FENG Weiyang, LIU Junnan
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 34-40.
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    The application of metal organic frames (MOFs) in the technical processing of antimicrobial compounds was discussed comprehensively. MOFs have shown significant advantages in gas compatibility studies, particularly in their applications within the fields of biocompatibility. There is a substantial amount of existing research on MOFs. In this study, we reviewed the practical application of MOFs in the removal of effective antibacterial compounds and analyzed the key factors influencing their adsorption and photocatalytic efficiency. The limitations of preparation methods and strategies for producing MOFs were also clarified. We proposed that enhancing the performance of MOFs through various means would further improve the application of antibacterial compounds, ultimately benefiting public health and the environment.
  • Preparation and Performance of PVDF/UiO-66-NH2 Mixed Matrix Membranes For Oil-Water Separation
    JIANG Siyuan, XIAO Tonghu
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 41-47.
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    Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely used in oil-water separation, however, the inherent hydrophobicity of PVDF material makes the membranes prone to fouling, leading to a decline in flux and separation efficiency. In this study, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were fabricated by blending PVDF with the hydrophilic metal-organic framework material UiO-66-NH2, and the effect of UiO-66-NH2 loading on the membrane's morphological structure and oil-water separation performance was investigated. The results indicate that all prepared membranes exhibited a sponge-like pore structure in their cross-sections. The incorporation of UiO-66-NH2 effectively increased the pure water flux of the PVDF/UiO-66-NH2 MMMs, enhanced membrane hydrophilicity, and imparted superior antifouling properties. Compared to the pristine PVDF membrane, the MMM with a 5 wt% UiO-66-NH2 loading showed a reduction in water contact angle from 72.9° to 56.0°, and an 86% increase in pure water flux from 1 023.8 L/(m2·h·bar) to 1 904.5 L/(m2·h·bar). Under the same cleaning conditions, the flux recovery ratio improved from 70.9% to 96.3%, while the irreversible fouling ratio decreased from 29.1% to 3.7%. Furthermore, all MMMs with different UiO-66-NH2 loadings achieved oil/ water emulsion rejection exceeding 92%, demonstrating their effectiveness for efficient oil-water separation.
  • Study on the Wettability of Surface Hydrophilic Modified Janus Membrane for Ammonia Removal
    QIN Jiayue, LI Kuiling, SONG Hang, ZHANG Yong, QU Dan, WANG Jun
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 48-53.
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    Membrane absorption is an emerging membrane separation technology suitable for ammonia removal from industrial wastewater high in ammonia nitrogen. However, surfactants commonly present in wastewater often induce severe membrane wetting. To improve the operational stability and application scope of membrane absorption for ammonia removal, this study proposed a strategy of constructing a dense hydrophilic skin layer on the surface of the hydrophobic polypropylene hollow fiber membrane via interfacial polymerization, aiming to alleviate membrane wetting caused by surfactants in wastewater. By optimizing aqueous-phase and oil-phase monomers, a Janus membrane with a denser hydrophobic surface was obtained. When treating high-ammonia-nitrogen wastewater containing dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) at a concentration of 0.2 mmol/L, membrane wetting was not observed for 14 consecutive days. This study provides a basis for expanding the application of membrane absorption in the treatment of high-ammonia-nitrogen industrial wastewater.
  • Characteristics of Electrochemical Combined Degradation of 2, 4-Dichlorophenol by Plant-Sedimentary Microorganisms
    LIANG Yifu, YANG Xiaoling, HUANG Donggen, ZHOU Zhongmin, LIU Jing, LU Shengmin
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 54-58.
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    This study constructed a plant-sediment microbial electrochemical system(P-SMES) for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and systematically investigated the effects of applied voltage, plant species, added carbon sources, and initial 2,4-DCP concentration on degradation efficiency. Additionally, we analyzed the degradation mechanism of 2,4-DCP. The experimental results show that under conditions of chemical oxygen demand (COD)=1 000 mg/L and 2, 4-DCP=10 mg/L, an external voltage of 1.4 V achieved an 83.1% degradation efficiency within 72 h—13.5% higher than the 73.2% efficiency without applied voltage. When the applied voltage was fixed at 1.4 V and 2, 4-DCP concentration at 10 mg/L, adjusting the COD of the added carbon source from 500 mg/L to 2 000 mg/L resulted in a degradation efficiency of 86.6%~94.5% within 72 h, which was over 18.1% higher than the 73.3% efficiency without carbon source addition. By optimizing experimental conditions, the microbial electrochemical-Acorus calamus system achieved a 93.3% degradation rate of 10 mg/L initial 2,4-DCP within 72 h under conditions of COD=1 000 mg/L, applied voltage=1.4 V, and pH=7. During the reaction, intermediate products of 2,4-DCP degradation were qualitatively identified using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The main products included p-chlorophenol, phenol, hydroquinone, and succinic acid.
  • Design of Photo-Fenton ZIF-8/GO Composite Membrane and Its Application on Dye Wastewater Treatment
    YUE Rengyu, WANG Shuguang
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 59-64.
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    With the rapid development of the dye industry, the discharge of dye wastewater has been on a steady rise, and its efficient treatment has become an urgent environmental challenge to be addressed. In this study, nano-ZIF-8 and hydrophilic graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were immobilized on the surface of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate membranes via the layer-by-layer assembly method, and the separation and anti-fouling performances of the composite membranes were systematically investigated. The membrane materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurement. The results demonstrated that ZIF-8/GO was uniformly loaded on the PVDF membrane surface, and the hydrophilicity of the membrane was significantly enhanced. The composite membrane exhibited excellent separation performance for rhodamine B (RB). Moreover, the ZIF-8/GO/PVDF composite membrane possessed favorable operational stability, maintaining a high rejection rate and stable membrane flux even after 24 hours of continuous operation. In the photo-Fenton coupled membrane filtration system, the composite membrane displayed outstanding self-cleaning capability. Mechanism studies revealed that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were the core reactive oxygen species driving the degradation of pollutants on the membrane surface. This study provides a brand-new idea and scheme for the membrane separation treatment technology of dye wastewater.
  • Optimization of Preparation Conditions of Modified Biochar and Study on Adsorption Mechanism of Ammonia Nitrogen
    YOU Kun, WANG Han, GAO Chenqi, FAN Weili
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 65-71.
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    In order to solve the problem that the quality concentration of ammonia nitrogen wastewater exceeds the standard, using the impregnation method as the object, the static test was carried out to analyze the effects of modification method, pyrolysis temperature and time, lye concentration, impregnation ratio and impregnation time on the preparation of biochar, and to determine the best preparation conditions for biochar. Using SEM, EDS, FTIR and BET characterization analysis, the adsorption mechanism of ammonia nitrogen was clarified by kinetic and thermodynamic models. The adsorption effect of different modified biochar on ammonia nitrogen was BCNa > BCFeNa > BCMgNa > BC, and the adsorption capacity of BCNa was 1.31 times that of BC. Pyrolysis temperature and lye concentration have obvious influence on the preparation of biochar. The biochar prepared at 300 ℃ and 2 h is treated with 1 mol/L NaOH and 1:15 after impregnation for 12 h, the adsorption capacity, removal rate and effluent concentration of ammonia nitrogen reached 0.84 mg/g, 83.25% and 1.88 mg/L, respectively, and the effluent mass concentration reached the Class V standard of Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB 3838-2002). The adsorption of ammonia nitrogen by BCNa conforms to the quasi-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model, and the theoretical maximum adsorption quantities qem and KF are 6.418 mg/g and 0.403 2 g/(mg·min), respectively. In the process of alkali modified biochar, ash and dissolved substances in the pore diameter of biochar were removed, functional groups such as Na+, -OH and C=O were increased, which promoted the ion exchange of ammonia nitrogen and improved the adsorption effect of modified biochar.
  • Preparation and Modification of Biochar and Its Adsorption Performance Analysis of Ammonia Nitrogen in Aquaculture Wastewater
    WU Siqi, WANG Fenglin, HAO Qinggeng, ZHAO Songyan, JU Heng, SHI Wei
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 72-77.
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    With the intensification of global aquaculture, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) in wastewater from high-density farming systems has increased significantly, posing substantial threats to the safety of aquatic ecosystems and the health of cultured organisms. Corn stalk biochar (CBC)—characterized by its porous structure and negatively charged surface—is widely used as an adsorbent. However, its inherent adsorption capacity and selectivity are limited, requiring modification to improve its performance. This study first prepared pristine CBC through hydrothermal carbonization to serve as the experimental control. Subsequently, chemical impregnation was used to modify CBC with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), respectively. The physicochemical properties of the modified materials were systematically characterized, and their adsorption performance and mechanisms for NH₄⁺-N and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that modification with 60% H2SO4 introduced abundant acidic functional groups and a large number of mesopores on the material surface, increasing the adsorption capacities for NH4+-N and NO3--N to 2.1-fold and 1.3-fold that of the unmodified CBC, respectively. Modification with 1 mol/L KOH produced well-developed pore structures and oxygen-containing functional groups, achieving equilibrium adsorption capacities of 13.10 mg/g for NH4+-N and 4.09 mg/g for NO3--N. Mechanistic analysis indicated that acid and alkali modifications significantly optimized the material's surface structure and functional group composition, thereby improving the density of adsorption sites and ion exchange capacity.
  • Adsorption Properties and Mechanism of Hydrogel Microspheres LJP-60@SA on Crystal Violet
    DU Guofeng, CHEN Xiaohuan, XUE Zhishuang, LIANG Hai
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 78-85.
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    Hydrogel microspheres LJP@SA were prepared withLaminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJP) and sodium alginate (SA) as the raw materials.The structural and morphological properties of LJP@SA were analyzed via methods of XRD, SEM and BET. With adsorption parameters optimized, the adsorption performance of LJP@SA on CV was studied, and the adsorption mechanism was explored by FT-IR and XPS methods. Results showed that LJP-60@SA prepared by adding 60% LJP has a relatively high CV adsorption capacity. The surface of the microspheres was rough, and the cross-section had a large number of pore structures, with an average pore diameter of 18.3 nm, a specific surface area of 25.455 7 m2/g, and an adsorption pore volume of 0.066 426 cm3/g. When the initial concentration of CV was 100 mg/L, with dosage of 1.0 g/L, pH of 8.0, and temperature of 25 ℃, the removal rate of LJP-60@SA on CV reached over 94%. The adsorption process was an endothermic monolayer adsorption, which conformed to the Langmuir isothermal model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. After 5 adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption rate on CV by LJP-60@SA remained above 90%. The adsorption mechanism involved hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, ion exchange, and chemical reactions. LJP-60@SA can be used as an efficient, environmentally friendly, and recyclable adsorbent for the purification of CV wastewater.
  • Preparation and Optimization of Novel CoFe2O4-EPS Magnetic Redox Mediators
    REN Zhijun, SHEN Junfeng, LYU Longyi, XU Dongyu, LI Guangtao
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 86-92.
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    In order to solve the problem that the redox medium materials in the sewage treatment system are difficult to recover after use and display poor catalytic activity and stability, a new type of magnetic redox medium material is prepared, presenting a core-shell structure with magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4) as the core and EPS as the coating layer. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier IR spectrum. Meanwhile, the influence of time, Na2S2O8 dosage and temperature factors on the magnetic core CoFe2O4 loading capacity were discussed, and the optimal preparation conditions were determined. The research findings indicate that the optimal performance of CoFeO@EPS/N is obtained when the dosage of magnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles is 0.1 g, the reaction temperature is 0 °C, the dosage of EPS is 0.04 g, the dosage of Na2S2O8 is 0.1 g, and the mixing liquid is stirred for 5 hours. This paper has vital importance to study the strengthening mechanism of the new magnetic redox medium materials in the wastewater treatment of AnMBR system.
  • Electrochemical Process for Efficient Removal of Organics in Tunnel Drainage System
    ZHANG Guocai, CHEN Sheng, ZHANG Lei, HU Boxuan, LYU Jianbing
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 93-100.
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    To develop a purification technology that can effectively degrade natural organic matter (NOM), and effectively prevent the blockage and silting of tunnel drainage system caused by excessive accumulation of NOM, so as to improve the maintenance effect and safety of highway tunnels. In view of this, a Co(II) -mediated electrochemically activated peroxonosulfate (PMS) advanced oxidation system, namely EC/Co(II)/PMS, was developed for efficient removal of NOM in tunnel drainage systems. The results showed that when humic acid (HA) was used as the target substrate and electric field was applied to Co(II) -mediated PMS system, the removal rate of HA reached 90.8% within 25 min. The cathode promotes Co(III)/Co(II) turnover, which effectively activates PMS to produce sulfate radicals (SO4•-), hydroxyl radicals (HO∙), and singlet oxygen (1O2), along with Co(IV) production. SO4•-, HO∙ and 1O2 exist in EC/Co(II)/PMS system. These active substances, in collaboration with Co(III), Co(IV) and direct electro-oxidation, jointly oxidize and decompose to remove HA from tunnel drainage system. The oxidation contribution rates of SO4•-, HO∙ and other active substances were 19.8%, 2.0% and 78.2%, respectively. Increasing of current density, Co(II) concentration, temperature and PMS concentration as well as weakly alkaline environments are conducive to HA removal. However, excessive increase in current density will cause excessive energy consumption, and reduce the environmental tolerance of Co(II) and the utilization of PMS. Repeated experiments show that the electrode can maintain a stable catalytic capacity. In different water matrix components, chlorine salts were beneficial to HA removal, while carbonate was inhibitory. Actual tunnel water experiments show that EC/Co(II)/PMS exhibits a good removal effect for organic matter in the tunnel drainage system, thus significantly inhibiting crystallization and it is very beneficial to prevent the tunnel drainage system from silting up.
  • Screening, Identification, Flocculation Performance and Flocculation Mechanism of A Highly Effective Flocculating Bacterium
    TIAN Jingxin, HAN Yunping, LAI Bisheng, GE Jingyun, LI Lin, FAN Xiaojun
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 101-107.
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    Microbial flocculants have great potential for application in wastewater treatment and other industries due to their advantages of being green, degradable, and free of secondary pollution. Using the remaining sludge from the secondary sedimentation tank of a wastewater treatment plant as the bacterial source, a strain of highly efficient flocculant-producing bacterium GS1 was isolated and screened, which was identified as belonging to the genus Microbacterium by high-throughput sequencing. It was found that GS1 had the best flocculation activity under the fermentation conditions of 5% inoculum, pH=8, 170 r/min, 30 ℃, and incubated to 16~20 h; the best flocculation conditions were when the external cation was Ca2+, the ratio of Microbacterium fermentation broth: coagulant aid: kaolin suspension was 1:1:25, and the reaction system was at pH 11. flocculation conditions. Microbial flocculant MBFGS1 flocculates in the coagulation system through the use of charge neutralisation, adsorption and bridging, and net trapping and sweeping mechanisms. MBFGS1 requires mild fermentation conditions, low dosage and high flocculation efficiency, and is adaptable to acid and alkaline environments. Therefore, it has potential applications in industrial production and water treatment.
  • Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Continuous Dosing Coagulation (CDC) Process for Enhanced Treatment of Fluoride-Containing Wastewater
    ZHANG Ke, ZONG Yukai, HUANG Shouqiang, LIU Weiqiao, GE Dongdong, CHENG Shi
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 108-113.
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    In order to enhance the removal of fluoride ions from wastewater by coagulation process, this study investigated the fluoride removal performance of a continuous dosing coagulation (CDC) process. The results showed that the CDC process had better fluoride removal performance than the conventional coagulation process under the same coagulant dosage. Subsequently, a response surface optimization test was carried out to establish a quadratic polynomial response surface model using the Box-Behnken experimental design method. The coagulant dosage, initial pH, stirring speed, and coagulant dosing rate were independent variables and the residual fluoride ion concentration was the response value. The optimization results of the model showed that the influencing factors on the fluoride ion removal rate were in the following order: coagulant dosage>stirring speed>initial pH>coagulant dosing rate, and the optimal conditions were as follows: coagulant dosage of 80 mg/L, initial pH of 6.3, stirring speed of 613 r/min, and coagulant dosing rate of 0.98 mL/min. The validation test showed that this model has high feasibility and validity. The results provide technical support and theoretical basis for the enhanced treatment of fluoride-containing wastewater.
  • Experimental Study on Three-Dimensional Electrocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Wastewater Based on Response Surface Method
    LIU Zhenwei, HU Junsheng, WEI Jie, LI Yuzhou
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 114-121.
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    Analysis of the optimal process conditions for the three-dimensional electrochemical oxidation treatment of methylene blue wastewater system based on response surface methodology. The surface morphology changes and surface phases of the particle electrode (Co/AC) were characterized using SEM and XRD. The results indicate that the preparation of particle electrodes increases the surface area, provides more active sites, and enhances the electrocatalytic performance. Using response surface methodology to analyze the effects of electrode voltage, electrolyte concentration, and activated carbon particle electrode dosage on the degradation efficiency of methylene blue wastewater, and determine the optimal process parameters. The results showed that all three factors had a significant impact on the degradation rate of methylene blue, with electrode voltage, electrolyte concentration, and activated carbon particle electrode dosage in descending order of significance; The optimal process conditions are: electrode voltage of 10.189 V, electrolyte concentration of 0.016 7 mmol, and activated carbon particle electrode dosage of 107.5 g. Under these conditions, the removal rate of methylene blue wastewater is 99.75%, and the COD removal rate is 84.46%. The experimental verification results meet the emission standards, therefore this method can be applied to the three-dimensional electrocatalytic degradation of methylene blue wastewater. EPR technology was used to analyze the dominant free radicals. The results showed that Co/AC generated ·OH and ·SO-4 radicals under electrocatalytic action, proving the existence of the catalytic system.
  • Performance and Microbial Community Characteristics of a Sulfate-Enhanced Hybrid Bioreactor for Oilfield Produced Water Treatment
    ZHAO Qiushi, CHEN Chunmao, LIANG Jiahao
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 122-128.
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    Biological treatment methods are widely applied in oilfield produced water management due to their low energy consumption and environmental compatibility; however, the complex organic composition in oilfield produced water often inhibits microbial activity, resulting in compromised system stability and reduced treatment efficiency. In this study, a sulfate (SO42-)-enhanced multi-stage hybrid bioreactor integrating anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic zones was constructed to systematically evaluate its pollutant removal performance and microbial community characteristics. Results demonstrated that the sulfate-enhanced hybrid bioreactor achieved high removal efficiencies of oil content, suspended solids, polymers, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), reaching 99.7%, 90.9%, 41.4% and 74.7%, respectively, with effluent quality meeting oilfield reinjection standards. Microbial community analysis revealed that the anaerobic zone was dominated by Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Trichococcus, driving organic matter hydrolysis and fermentation; the anoxic zone was enriched with Trichococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, and Azoarcus, known for aromatic compound degradation; while the aerobic zone was primarily composed of Trichococcus and denitrifying Amphiplicatus, collectively forming a functionally complementary and well-organized microbial consortium. Introduction of SO42- significantly promoted the synergistic enrichment of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), hydrolytic fermenters, and denitrifiers. Co-occurrence network analysis further uncovered interactions between SRB and functional bacteria, enhancing organic hydrolysis, acidification, and denitrification processes. The findings advance the microbial understanding of sulfate-enhanced organic degradation in oilfield produced water, offering theoretical support and technical strategies for efficient and stable treatment.
  • Removal of Fluoride Ions in Photovoltaic Wastewater Using Fluidized Bed Induced Crystallization System
    XU Jin, LUO Weiping, GUAN Qian, LI Yingpeng
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 129-133.
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    To tackle the challenge of treating high-concentration fluoride-laden wastewater from the photovoltaic industry, this study employs fluidized bed induced crystallization technology to achieve highly efficient fluoride removal and simultaneous resource recovery. After systematically optimizing operational parameters, the optimal conditions were identified as follows: calcium chloride as the precipitant, a Ca/F molar ratio of 1:1, a reflux flow rate of 720 L/h, and the addition of 1 g of pre-formed calcium fluoride seed crystals. Under these conditions, a fluoride removal efficiency of up to 99.74% was achieved, with the effluent fluoride concentration consistently maintained below 10 mg/L, complying with national industrial wastewater discharge standards. The process demonstrates excellent adaptability and stability across a broad range of influent fluoride concentrations. Phase characterization of the precipitated product confirms that it consists of high-purity, spherical calcium fluoride particles with uniform particle size, indicating strong potential for resource utilization. This work validates the high efficiency and reliability of fluidized bed induced crystallization technology for deep defluoridation and presents an economically and environmentally viable technical pathway for the treatment of fluoride-laden wastewater.
  • The Coupled Process of Anaerobic Digestion and Short-Range Nitrification for the Treatment of Soybean Product Wastewater
    WANG Xiaozhong, SONG Yu, LI Weihua, XU Jiajia, YE Chengqi, GUO Xinyue
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 134-140.
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    Soybean wastewater poses significant treatment challenges due to its high concentrations of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen. This study investigated the application of an anaerobic digestion (AD) and partial nitrification-anaerobic ammonium oxidation (PN/A) coupling process for the treatment of this wastewater. Compared with traditional wastewater treatment methods, the PN/A process offers advantages of low energy consumption and reduced sludge production. The reactors employed were an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) for the AD and anammox systems, and a sequencing batch activated sludge reactor (SBR) for the partial nitrification system. Results showed that the AD stage contributed the most to chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, with an average removal rate of 91.48%. Within the coupling process, nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N) required for the anammox system is supplied by the partial nitrification stage. The total removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen (NH4⁺-N) and NO2--N reached 96.52% and 98.97%, respectively, with an overall nitrogen removal efficiency of approximately 79%. Nitrogen removal performance was further enhanced by adjusting the effluent ratio of the AD and partial nitrification stages. Additionally, microbial community analysis revealed that microbial diversity in each reactor decreased with system operation, while the abundance of specific functional bacteria (e.g., Nitrosomonas and Candidatus Brocadia) increased. This indicates that the system gradually adapted to and optimized the treatment process. This study provides novel insights and a theoretical basis for the biological treatment of wastewater with high organic matter and ammonia nitrogen concentrations.
  • Enhanced PFOA Removal Performance of Nanofiltration System by Electric Field
    LI Pengfei, CHEN Qingbai, ZHOU Zhixuan, WU Jingyi, HUA Yuting, CHAI Beibei
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 141-146.
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    This study addresses the issues of high leakage rates and concentrate disposal challenges faced by existing nanofiltration (NF) technologies when treating high-concentration polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) solutions. To remove perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from aqueous solutions, a novel electrically enhanced nanofiltration (ENF) system was designed. This study conducted a comparative investigation into water flux characteristics and PFOA concentration dynamics under three operational modes: conventional nanofiltration (CNF), forward electric field nanofiltration (ENF), and reverse electric field nanofiltration (RENF), aiming to explore the effects of electric field direction and intensity on PFOA removal. Experimental results elucidate that a forward electric field can effectively enhance the NF system's retention performance for PFOA and facilitate its mineralization. Specific data indicate that at a forward electric field intensity of 8.8 V/cm, the ENF system achieved a PFOA removal rate of 96.1%, with a PFOA concentration reduction rate of 52.7 ng/(mL·min) in the retentate and a membrane flux of 16 mL/(min·dm2). This study preliminarily demonstrates the feasibility of the ENF system in enhancing PFOA removal rates and achieving simultaneous mineralization, and reveals the removal mechanism of PFOA via the ENF technology. It provides a theoretical basis and technical support for high-quality drinking water production and addresses the concentrate disposal challenges associated with conventional nanofiltration technology.
  • Pilot Study on the Influence of Influent Ammonia Nitrogen on the MABR Oxygen Mass Transfer Characteristics
    LIU Mengmeng, PENG Mengwen, WANG Zhiyong, WANG Dianchang, SUN Wan, CHEN Yasong
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 147-150.
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    A 100 m³·d⁻¹ two-stage anaerobic-oxic (AO)-membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) coupling pilot plant was constructed. During the treatment of real domestic sewage, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) was achieved in the MABR unit. The nitrification rate of the MABR unit was (2.82±1.13) g N/（m2·d）, and this rate was positively correlated with the influent ammonia nitrogen concentration. The MABR unit exhibited an oxygen mass transfer efficiency (OTE) of 36.44%±9.39% and an average oxygen transfer rate (OTR) of (10.70 ± 2.62) g O2/（m2·d）, indicating excellent oxygen mass transfer performance.
  • Engineering Case of Fine Chemical Mixed Wastewater Treatment
    LIU Shuntong, ZOU Bing, ZHANG Xuehao, ZHANG Wei, LIU Jintian, DAI Jie
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 151-155.
    Abstract | Download PDF ( ) Cite this Article Knowledge map Save
    The main products of a fine chemical enterprise in Hubei Province are tert-butylhydrazine hydrochloride and N,N'-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-1,3-phthalamide (TMI). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations in the wastewater generated by the enterprise both exceed 100 000 mg/L; conventional processes struggle to treat wastewater with such high concentrations. The introduction of Three-effect evaporator system equipment at the plant significantly reduced the levels of various pollutants in the wastewater. The actual water treatment capacity of the sewage treatment station is 115 m3/d, and the treatment process adopted is "Three-effect evaporator system + Fenton + anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) + biological contact oxidation". Engineering practice indicates that the effluent quality stably meets the Class B standards specified in Wastewater Quality Standards for Discharge to Municipal Sewers (GB/T 31962–2015). The unit wastewater treatment cost of the project is 97.97 yuan/t, which is far lower than the 1 600 yuan/t for hazardous waste disposal. This paper details the case from aspects of water quality analysis, structural parameters, operational performance, and cost analysis, which can serve as an important reference for the treatment of such wastewater.
  • Case Study on the Treatment and Resource Recovery of Acetaldehyde Wastewater
    ZHAO Junbin
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 156-159.
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    To address pharmaceutical intermediate wastewater characterized by high acetic acid content and high conductivity, this study adopted a combined process integrating the double membrane method, multi-stage reverse osmosis (for refined deionized water production), mechanical vapor recompression (MVR), and freeze crystallization to recover sodium acetate as a by-product. After treatment, the produced deionized water met reuse requirements. The system exhibited an average influent TDS of 2 878 mg/L and an average effluent TDS of 8 mg/L. The by-product liquid sodium acetate had a mass content of 25%, while the solid sodium acetate had a mass content of 58%—both meeting the carbon source specifications for water treatment. Practical application results showed that the system achieved a desalination rate of up to 99%, a water recovery rate of up to 80%, and a substantial profit per ton of treated wastewater.
  • Fenton-Magnetic Coagulation Process for Upgrading a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Shandong Province to Meet Quasi-Class IV Discharge Standards
    MU Yang, ZHENG Weijie, LUO Congwei, ZHANG Xin, ZHAI Xuedong
    Technology of Water Treatment. 2026, 52(2): 160-164.
    Abstract | Download PDF ( ) Cite this Article Knowledge map Save
    A wastewater treatment plant in Shandong carried out an upgrade project in accordance with the "Two Zero Targets and One Standard Enhancement" work plan of Shandong Province. After experimental selection, Fenton oxidation was chosen as the enhanced process for meeting CODstandards. A new magnetic coagulation sedimentation tank was constructed to reduce the surface load of the existing magnetic coagulation sedimentation tank, ensuring the settling of chemical sludge from the Fenton oxidation process. A rotary drum filter was installed as a safeguard for meeting the effluent SS standard. Simultaneously, the existing biochemical system was modified in situ. After the upgrade, the effluent quality stably meets the Class IV standard (Total Nitrogen≤10 mg/L) of the "Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards" (GB3838-2002).
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Editor in Chief：Wang Qi
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