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Gao Congjie (Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering)
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10 June 2025, Volume 51 Issue 6
  
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  • The Application of Immobilized Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Derivatives in the Field of Water Treatment
    LIU Chao, LIU Chaofan, LIU Jiaqiang, ZHOU Zizhen, SHEN Yingying
    2025, 51(6): 1-7.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    With the escalating issue of water pollution, especially given the relentless emergence of new pollutants, traditional wastewater treatment methods are proving insufficient to meet the growing need for efficient and eco-friendly solutions. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) stand out due to their adjustable pore sizes, high porosity, and ease of modification, showcasing considerable potential in advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. However, a significant challenge lies in the fact that most MOFs are in powder form, complicating their recovery after use. As a result, immobilizing MOF materials has become a focal point of research aimed at broadening their application in water treatment. This article surveys the current leading methods for immobilizing MOF materials, encompassing in-situ growth, secondary growth, electrochemical deposition, and layer-by-layer deposition. Furthermore, it delves into the applications and underlying mechanisms of immobilized MOFs in water treatment, particularly emphasizing their roles in adsorption, catalysis, and advanced oxidation processes. Finally, the article anticipates the future trajectory of MOF materials in the realm of water treatment.
  • Progress of Membrane Extraction Separation Technology in Industrial Application
    KONG Qingran, WU Chunyan, DU Bin, CAO Zheng, ZHU Ziran, ZHU Baoku
    2025, 51(6): 8-14.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Membrane extraction is a highly efficient separation technology that integrates membrane separation with liquid-liquid extraction. Its primary advantages include preventing solvent emulsification, achieving high mass-transfer efficiency, and accommodating specialized systems. This study reviews advances in membrane extraction for industrial water treatment and separation applications, encompassing the recovery of radioactive elements, treatment of heavy-metal and phenolic wastewater, recycling of rare-earth elements, and reclamation of various organic compounds. Promising application prospects have been demonstrated in multiple sectors. Future research directions emphasize the development of novel membrane materials, extractants, and system-integration strategies to enhance performance, expand potential applications, and support greener industrial processes and efficient resource utilization.
  • Preparation and Development of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Membrane
    WU Chao, WANG Ming, WU Yaqin, LV Zhenhua
    2025, 51(6): 15-20.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    The growing scarcity of freshwater has positioned seawater desalination as a critical solution for coastal regions. Among desalination methods, reverse osmosis (RO) is predominant because of its straightforward operation, comparatively low capital cost, and scalability. This review summarizes recent advances in RO membranes,focusing on optimization of permeability and selectivity, boron rejection, antifouling properties, and chlorine resistance, and outlines prospective research directions for RO-based seawater desalination in China.
  • Enhanced Electrochemical Adsorption of Cd2+ on Birnessite through Intercalation of Tetramethylammonium
    GUO Xiaofeng, WANG Yi, YANG Xiong, LU Tao, QIU Guohong
    2025, 51(6): 21-26.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Layered birnessite, characterized by a larger interlayer spacing, facilitates the incorporation of heavy metal ions, thereby adsorbing and immobilizing these ions. The electrochemical adsorption capacity of birnessite could be enhanced through redox reactions. Expanding the interlayer spacing of birnessite could further elevated its electrochemical adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions, but the relevant mechanisms remained unclear. In this work, modified birnessite with an enlarged interlayer spacing was prepared by intercalating tetramethylammonium ions (TMA+), and the impact of increased interlayer spacing in birnessite on the electrochemical adsorption performance of Cd2+ was investigated. The results demonstrated that tetramethylammonium-intercalated birnessite exhibited a significantly higher maximum electrochemical adsorption capacity for Cd2+, reaching 987.0 mg/g, compared to the unmodified counterpart with an adsorption capacity of 835.8 mg/g. The incomplete reversible insertion-extraction of Cd2+ into mineral interlayer and the dissolution-recrystallization of mineral contributed to the enhanced electrochemical adsorption capacity during the electrochemical oxidation-reduction of birnessite. Therefore, the enlarged interlayer spacing after the intercalation of TMA+ facilitated the electrochemical adsorption of Cd2+ on birnessite. This study expects to expand understanding for the electrochemical adsorption mechanisms of heavy metal ions on manganese oxide minerals.
  • Preparation of CuO/g-C3N4 Composites and Activation of Persulfate for Phenol Treatment
    CHAO Lei, WANG Jian, SUN Fang
    2025, 51(6): 27-31.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    To enhance phenol removal efficiency, CuO/g-C₃N₄ composite materials were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal calcination method. The prepared materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The influence of various factors on phenol removal efficiency was investigated using a single-factor control variable method, and the stability of the materials was also evaluated. The oxidation mechanism was analyzed through a quenching test.Results demonstrated that the phenol removal rate reached 86.75% under optimal conditions. After repeated experiments, the phenol removal rate remained at 68.89%. The quenching test revealed the presence of three types of free radicals in the reaction system: SO₄-·, ·OH, and O2-·. Among these, O2-· and ·OH played auxiliary roles, while SO₄-· was the primary free radical driving the reaction.
  • Study on NSUF/FO Coupling Technology for the Treatment of Ship Domestic Wastewater
    LI Xiaoliang, GENG Anchao, ZHANG Yanhao, SHENG Zhongxiang, XIAO Feipeng, LI Xu
    2025, 51(6): 32-37.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Through the analysis of the production and discharge characteristics of the offshore oil and gas platform and ship domestic sewage, the NSUF-FO coupling process device was constructed by using the self-developed non-submerged ultrafiltration technology as the pretreatment of positive osmosis and seawater as the driving fluid of positive osmosis, and the pilot test was conducted on the domestic sewage of an offshore oil and gas platform. Most of the pollutants have a good retention performance, the removal rate of 94% or more, the water quality indicators meet the requirements of the Offshore Oil Exploration and Development Pollutant Discharge Concentration Limits (GB 4914–2008) and the Ship Water Pollutant Discharge Control Standards (GB 3552–2018), 80% to 90% of the domestic sewage generated at sea can be directly discharged after treatment. A small portion of concentrated water is transported back to land for treatment. The coupling process combines the advantages of NSUF self-cleaning function and FO technology for deep treatment of small molecule organic pollutants, overcoming the singularity of the traditional process, not only effectively alleviating the need for frequent membrane cleaning of FO equipment, but also largely improving the efficacy of sewage treatment, providing a new research direction for the membrane treatment process of domestic sewage from offshore platforms and ships in China.
  • Effect of GAC-ZVI Composite Carrier on the Performance of AnMBR in Treating Domestic Wastewater
    WANG Jiashun, HU Yisong
    2025, 51(6): 38-43.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    A composite carrier consisting of zero-valent iron (ZVI) loaded onto granular activated carbon (GAC) was developed to enhance an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). The study examined how this carrier affected process performance, membrane fouling, and microbial dynamics. After introducing 6 g/L of the carrier, the average chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies rose from 95.37% and 12.13% to 95.83% and 21.39%, respectively. The average methane yield increased by 8.2%, and the AnMBR's stable running period was extended by 31.6%. Microbial population analysis revealed that Methanothrix dominated the methanogenic archaea, with its relative abundance in sludge increasing from 54.9% to 63.8%. Additionally, electrochemically active genera such as Geobacter, Methanothrix, and Methanosarcinales accumulated on the carrier's surface, forming stable biofilms that facilitated direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). Metabolic pathway evaluations further showed that the carrier raised the abundance of key genes, promoting the synthesis of critical enzymes and enhancing methanogenesis efficiency.
  • Degradation Mechanism of Triclosan by Peroxymonosulfate Activated by Single-Atom Iron Biochar
    LI Zimeng, LI Siyuan, NIU Mengyao, SUN Binbin, Wang Meiyan, ZHANG Pengchuan
    2025, 51(6): 44-50.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    In this work, single-atom iron biochar was prepared through a facile one-step calcination method using ferric nitrate and sawdust biochar as raw materials. A single-atom iron biochar/peroxymonosulfate reaction system for catalytic degradation of triclosan was constructed and the performance and degradation mechanism was explored. The experimental results showed that 90.9% of triclosan could be removed under neutral (pH=7) conditions within 90 minutes when triclosan initial concentration was 10 mg/L, biochar dosage was 0.04 g and PMS concentration was 3 mmol/L. The degradation efficiency of triclosan still reached 70.0% after three recycling experiments, showing the good stability and reusability of the biochar. The free radical capture experiment and electron paramagnetic resonance tests showed that hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen were the main active species for the degradation of triclosan. This study provided a theoretical basis for the application of single-atom biochar in the remediation of aquatic environments.
  • Preparation of PHZ Self-Assembled Ternary Film on Carbon Steel Surface and Its Performance Study
    LI Xintao, QIU Yu, XING Yongkang, WANG Zhongde
    2025, 51(6): 51-56.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    In industrial production, carbon steel piping is prone to corrosion, leading to both economic losses and safety concerns. To mitigate this issue, a PHZ ternary film—composed of PASP, HEDP, and ZnCl2—was deposited on Q235 steel surfaces through a coordination self-assembly method. The film's corrosion inhibition efficiency was measured using a rotating disk electrode. Orthogonal experiments were conducted to optimize the component ratio, and the effects of temperature and pH on corrosion inhibition were assessed. Results show that the PHZ ternary film achieves more than 90% inhibition on Q235 steel. Langmuir isotherm analysis, supported by Gibbs free energy calculations, confirms spontaneous and exothermic chemisorption of the PHZ ternary film on the metal surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization curves in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution further indicate a marked increase in the capacitive arc resistance, enhanced charge transfer resistance, and suppression of both cathodic and anodic reactions. Surface analysis verifies effective film adsorption on Q235 steel, thereby providing reliable corrosion protection.
  • Performance of Ballasted Flocculation-Ultrafiltration Process for the Treatment of Low-Temperature and Low-Turbidity Water
    LI Jiaojiao, ZHANG Jianlin, ZHOU Zhipeng, WEN Gang, HUANG Tinglin, LI Kai
    2025, 51(6): 57-61.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    To assess the efficacy of a ballasted flocculation-ultrafiltration process (BF-UF) for treating low-temperature, low-turbidity water, this study examined how flocculation parameters-specifically the polyacrylamide (PAM) type and dosage, the ballasted medium used, and the settling time-influenced effluent quality and membrane fouling. Results indicated that the ultrafiltration membrane's robust retention of colloids and particulates generally kept water quality high, with turbidity below 0.1 NTU and a COD removal rate of approximately 80%, regardless of flocculation conditions. However, flocculation parameters significantly affected membrane fouling. Under the present test conditions, using microsand as the ballasted medium, a high-molecular-weight PAM at an optimal dosage of 0.3 mg/L, and a sedimentation time of five minutes produced a loose cake layer on the membrane surface. This layer helped minimize external fouling resistance and prevented dissolved organic matter from penetrating the membrane pores, thereby mitigating irreversible internal fouling.
  • Design and Simulation Research of RO-PRMD Hybrid System to Achieve Low-Carbonization Desalination of High-Salinity Mine Wastewater
    LI Peng, LIU Zhaofeng, WU Yang, LI Jie, GUO Qiang, LI Jingfeng
    2025, 51(6): 62-68.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    The membrane-based concentration technology has emerged as one of the mainstream techniques for zero-discharge treatment of high-salinity mine wastewater. Nevertheless, the high concentration ratio leads to a sharp increase in the operating pressure and a steep rise in energy consumption in the reverse osmosis stage. In this paper, aiming at waste heat utilization and desalination low-carbonization, firstly, a pressure retarded membrane distillation (PRMD) thermal-mechanical energy conversion unit is introduced into the original zero-discharge process, and a mem-brane-integrated coupling system based on PRMD is proposed to convert low-quality waste heat (such as geo-thermal tail heat) into fluid mechanical energy, achieving desalination, concentration, and low-carbonization of high-salinity mine wastewater, thereby further reducing the desalination energy consumption. Secondly, a simulation study is conducted on the PRMD system at the micro-element scale under the ideal solution system, and the results show that within the set range of each variable, the micro-element permeation flux increases with the in-crease of the temperature difference and the increase of the feed flow rate, and does not change significantly with the change of the hydraulic pressure difference, the hot side, and the cold side feed liquid concentration; the optimal operating conditions are determined as a temperature difference of 70°C, a feed flow rate of 0.80 kg/s, and a cold side hydraulic pressure of 9.00 bar. Finally, the distribution of fluid temperature, pressure, and flow rate within a single PRMD membrane element is calculated at the membrane module scale, and a mathematical model for evaluating the technical and economic aspects of the RO-PRMD coupling system is constructed at the system scale. The simulation results show that: the energy consumption per ton of water of the coupling system decreases with the increase of the system water production, but the amount of energy consumption per ton of water saved by the coupling system compared to the independent RO system shows a decreasing trend, and the amount of energy consumption saved per ton of water at high recovery rates is lower than that at low recovery rates (10 000 m3/d system water production, up to 0.17 kWh/m3 can be saved at low recovery rates, while only up to 0.15 kWh/m3 can be saved at high recovery rates); if the membrane element selected in this paper is used as the basic assembly unit of PRMD, without considering other fixed capital investments except for the membrane, and if all the energy saved by the coupling system is used for the purchase and replacement of PRMD membranes, the highest membrane price at the system break-even point calculated under the maximum pressure (9 bar) that the current hydrophobic membrane can withstand is far lower than the current high price of domestic commercial membranes, but if it is increased to more than 26 bar, certain economic benefits can be achieved. Therefore, the RO-PRMD coupling proposed in this paper can achieve desalination and low-carbonization of highly mineralized mine water, but to achieve greater economic benefits, it is necessary to enhance the liquid entry pressure of the hydrophobic membrane while ensuring a high permeation flux of the hydrophobic membrane.
  • Investigation on the Adsorption Properties and Mechanism of Fluoride in Wastewater Using Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) MIL-96@AA
    ZHANG Zhaobo, ZHNAG Rufeng, NING Bo, CAI Xinyang, ZHANG Chi, WANG Dawei
    2025, 51(6): 69-74.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    In response to the proneness of traditional metal-organic framework (MOF) powder adsorbents to agglomerate during fluoride removal, this study introduced activated alumina spheres (AA) as a substrate and synthesized MIL-96@AA composites in situ via a one-step hydrothermal method. The physicochemical properties and morphology of the resulting material were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the effects of initial fluoride concentration and pH on adsorption performance were systematically investigated. Experimental results indicated that MIL-96@AA reached a fluoride removal rate of 99% under acidic conditions (pH=3) at an initial fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L, with negligible interference from coexisting ions. Adsorption data conformed well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm, confirming that fluoride uptake by MIL-96@AA is predominantly governed by monolayer chemisorption, with a maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of 3.125 mg/g at room temperature. Furthermore, in practical tests using fluorinated effluent from the electronics manufacturing sector (fluoride concentration of 8.09 mg/L, pH=6.2), the fluoride level declined below 1.5 mg/L within 170 min, demonstrating the potential of MIL-96@AA to provide theoretical and technical guidance for industrial-scale fluoride remediation.
  • Microwave Synergy with Zero-valent Aluminum for the Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol and Mechanism
    YE Qing, CHEN Shengjie, YANG Qi
    2025, 51(6): 75-80.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is difficult to degrade and often persists in the environment, underscoring the need for effective removal technologies. In this study, zero-valent aluminum (ZVA) was used to degrade 2,4-DCP in wastewater while examining the effects of ZVA dosage, reaction temperature, initial pH, and initial pollutant concentration. Degradation efficiency was further enhanced through the introduction of microwave irradiation, and the mechanism was elucidated by analyzing degradation products and characterizing ZVA at various reaction intervals. The results indicate that, under acidic conditions, ZVA reacts with dissolved oxygen to form H2O2, which subsequently generates strongly oxidative hydroxyl radicals (·OH) responsible for degrading 2,4-DCP. When 700 W microwave irradiation was applied, 2,4-DCP removal increased from 50.92% to 95.37%, and the reaction time decreased from 6 hours to 360 seconds, without dependence on the initial pH. Mechanistic analysis reveals that the synergistic interaction between microwaves and ZVA creates numerous highly reactive sites on the ZVA surface. This interaction facilitates rapid dichlorination and ring-opening, producing β,β′-dichlorodiethyl ether, styrene, and 4-chlorophenol as primary byproducts. The proposed approach thus offers a promising new method for removing 2,4-DCP from aqueous environments.
  • Anaerobic Tubular Membrane Bioreactor for Treating Pilot Scale Swine Wastewater
    WANG Mengyu, ZHONG Huiyun, ZHOU Qiang, SHEN Bin, DONG liangfei
    2025, 51(6): 81-86.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    The anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) integrates anaerobic digestion with membrane separation to retain sludge within the reactor, thereby enriching anaerobic microorganisms and enhancing pollutant removal efficiency. This study employed a pilot-scale anaerobic tubular membrane bioreactor to treat swine wastewater. The system incorporated a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with an effective volume of 0.7 m³. Under mesophilic conditions, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and solids retention time (SRT) were maintained at 5 days and 30 days, respectively. Results demonstrated stable reactor performance, with minimal pH fluctuations and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) ranging from -478 to -373 mV. Biogas production ranged from 194.40 to 279.42 L/kg COD·d, while removal efficiencies reached 90.21% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 17.65% for ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), 15.15% for total nitrogen (TN), and 14.81% for total phosphorus (TP). During tubular membrane operation (flow rate: 0.82 m3/h; initial flux: 30 L/(m3·h)), a 48-day continuous cleaning cycle was achieved. Physical cleaning on days 20 and 38, followed by chemical cleaning on day 48, restored membrane flux to baseline levels. This pilot-scale application demonstrates the viability of AnMBR systems for treating high-strength swine wastewater, offering insights into organic matter removal, resource recovery, and carbon emission reduction in agricultural wastewater management.
  • Study of Efficiency and Microbiological Mechanism on the MUCT and A2O Processes for the Treatment of Low C/N Wastewater
    LI Yue, BAI Chunxue, YAN Chunrong, CAI Jianjun, XIE Hao, ZHANG Hanmin
    2025, 51(6): 87-92.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    In this study, low C/N wastewater was used as the research subject. The MUCT process leveraged denitrifying phosphorus-accumulating bacteria to achieve efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal under alternating anaerobic and anoxic/aerobic conditions, addressing the drawbacks of carbon-source competition and nitrate interference common in the A2O process. The influences of hydraulic retention time (HRT), C/N ratio, N/P ratio, and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) on the MUCT system's nutrient removal performance and on microbial community structure were examined. Under optimal conditions (MLSS=4 500 mg/L, HRT=8 h, C/N=5:1, N/P= 2:1), the MUCT process achieved removal rates of 86.1% for COD, 89.0% for NH4+-N, and 83.2% for TP. Bacterial diversity analysis revealed that the relative abundances of the principal nitrifying bacteria Blastocatellaceae, Saccharimonadales, and Caldilineaceae were higher in the MUCT system than in A2O. In the MUCT anoxic pool I, Microscillaceae and Azospira reached relative abundances of 8.9% and 4.4%, respectively, exceeding their A2O levels (6.4% and 4.3%), and primarily participated in denitrification and denitrifying phosphorus uptake. Meanwhile, Candidatus Moranbacteria and Comamonadaceae contributed to phosphorus metabolism as polyphosphate-accumulating organisms, holding relative abundances of 1.5% and 1.4% in MUCT anoxic pool I and 0.9% and 0.7% in MUCT anoxic pool II, respectively, whereas their abundance in the A2O anoxic pool was only 0.6% and 0.4%.
  • Regulation Study on a Continuous Flow AOA Process with Performance Recovery and Stable Operation
    CHEN Qun, TU Xinyi, WANG Yuanyuan, ZHAO Ji, QIU Yanling, WANG Xiaoxia
    2025, 51(6): 93-98.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on an investigation of the startup process and nutrient removal characteristics of the continuous-flow AOA process, this study further examined recovery conditions after a 60-day deterioration phase. Using municipal wastewater and adjusting the aeration rate, the system's performance recovery and stable operation were evaluated while analyzing the removal patterns of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), and COD. After 137 days of regulation, the deteriorated continuous-flow AOA system restored its nutrient removal capabilities. During the stable operation phase, COD removal improved to 90.3%, while TIN removal reached 82.36%. Anaerobic intracellular carbon storage remained at 93.83%, aerobic nitrification efficiency resumed to 100%, and post-anoxic endogenous denitrification and phosphorus removal also recovered. Notably, anaerobic phosphorus release and aerobic phosphorus uptake were reestablished at approximately 13.37 mg/L and 7.28 mg/L, respectively.
  • Effect of Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics on Nitrogen Removal Performance of Anammox
    LU Yixin, TANG Yi, LIU Fangying, SHU Mingyu, DING Yi, CHEN Jiao
    2025, 51(6): 99-104.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    To investigate the influence of microplastics (MPs) on anammox performance, this study evaluated the nitrogen removal efficiency, nitrogen removal kinetics, and stress mechanism of an anammox granular sludge system exposed to different polyvinyl chloride microplastic (PVC-MP) concentrations (50~500 mg/L). After 63 days of continuous PVC-MP input, the removal efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N, NO₂⁻-N, and total nitrogen (TN) decreased by 12.6~50.4, 9.1~36.1, and 7.5~36 percentage points, respectively, compared to conditions without PVC-MP addition. Higher PVC-MP concentrations further intensified stress on anammox denitrogenation, leading to lower NH₄⁺-N and NO₂⁻-N removal rates. Under ongoing PVC-MP exposure, extracellular polymer secretion declined, reducing the combined relative abundance of the anammox bacteria Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Kuenenia by 6.1~13.9 percentage points relative to the control, while the sum of the filamentous bacteria norank_c__OLB14 and norank_o__SBR1031 was 4.7~18.9 percentage points lower. As a result, sludge granularity diminished and the nitrogen removal performance of anammox deteriorated.
  • Study on the Removal of Nonylphenol by Electrolytic Coupled Biofilter
    WANG Laichun, XIONG Xiaomin, LU Hewei, XU Ke, HUANG Hui, WANG Qing
    2025, 51(6): 105-109.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Nonylphenol (NP) is a typical endocrine disruptor and has attracted much attention due to its new pollutant properties. In this paper, a conventional heterotrophic biofilter, a mixed nutrient biofilter and an electrolytically coupled biofilter were constructed to treat the simulated biochemical tail water containing nonylphenol, and the effects of the filter on total nitrogen removal and nonylphenol reduction in the biochemical tail water of simulated wastewater under two C/N ratios were systematically studied. The removal rate of nonylphenol was 81.76% when the effluent of electrolytic coupling filter was stable. When the influent C/N=5 and C/N=2, the removal efficiency of nonylphenol from the electrolytic coupled biofilter was increased by 4.3%~26.5% and 0.4%~28.5%, respectively, compared with that of the unelectric filter,the maximum removal rate of nonylphenol in the actual wastewater is stable at about 35%. The treatment cost per ton of water is 0.789 yuan, which provides reference and basis for the application of biological filter in the degradation and removal of new pollutants.
  • Pilot Study on the Treatment of Electroplating Nickel Wastewater by PAC-TMF Coupling Process
    BAI Panpan, YUAN Yi, LIU Fangrong
    2025, 51(6): 110-116.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    To investigate the advantages and determine the optimal parameters of the powdered activated carbon-tubular microfiltration membrane (PAC-TMF) coupled process for treating electroplating nickel wastewater, individual PAC, individual TMF, and the combined PAC-TMF processes were evaluated for pollutant removal from electroplating nickel condensate effluent. Subsequently, the effects of PAC dosage, cross-flow velocity, and water yield ratio on pollutant removal and membrane performance were examined through single-factor and orthogonal experiments, enabling process optimization. The results showed that the PAC-TMF process provides significant benefits in both pollutant removal and membrane fouling control. Balancing cost-effectiveness and treatment efficiency, the optimal process conditions were identified as a PAC dosage of 250 mg/L, cross-flow velocity of 3.5 m/s, and a water yield ratio of 1:20. Under these conditions, COD and Ni2+ removal rates reached 80.5% and 90.3%, respectively.
  • Study on the Treatment Effect of Anaerobic Rapid Start-up and Different Hydraulic Retention Time for Leachate in Waste-to-Energy Power Plant
    GU Likun, ZHAO Dongpu, LEI Jiahao, YUE Jinwei, ZHANG Jianyun, PENG Zhaoxu
    2025, 51(6): 117-122.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    This study investigates rapid start-up protocols and operational stability of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for treating waste-to-energy plant leachate, with emphasis on hydraulic retention time (HRT) impacts. Systematic analysis revealed correlations between HRT and COD removal efficiency, volumetric loading rate, biogas yield per unit COD, anaerobic effluent organic composition, and microbial community dynamics. The reactor achieved stable operation within 40 days, with volumetric loading rates increasing from 1.73 to 11.70 kg COD/(m3·d) and COD removal efficiency improving from 76.06% to 94.11%. When the landfill leachate stayed in the UASB reactor for 5 d, 8 d and 12 d, COD removal rates stabilized at 93.46%, 92.25%, and 93.39%, respectively, with corresponding volumetric loads of 11.75, 7.25, and 5.02 kg COD/(m3·d). Biogas production ranged from 0.42 to 0.55 L/g COD. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that the structure of anaerobic bacterial colonies changed significantly with the extension of HRT, in which the hydrolyzing and acidifying bacterial groups evolved from Fermentimonas and Proteiniphilum to Petrimonas, and the methanogenic bacterial groups did not undergo any significant change, and the acetate-type methanogenic bacterial genera, Methanosaeta, and the H2-CO2-type methanogenic bacteria, Methanosarcina and Methanospirillum, occupied very few of them in the different HRT. Methanosarcina and Methanospirillum occupied very few. The main components of the effluent from different HRTs were sulfur monomers, n-octanoic acid, n-heptanoic acid, n-hexanoic acid, etc. The content of organic acids in HRT 8 d was higher than that in HRT 5 d and HRT 12 d, and the content of organic acids in HRT 12 d was the lowest.
  • Impact of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Exposure on Low-Temperature Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
    YAN Shenghui, TANG Ningning, ZHOU Fangfang, SUN Suyan
    2025, 51(6): 123-128.
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    To address the unclear effects of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs), an emerging contaminant, on enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR), this study investigates the long-term impacts of NiO NP exposure on EBPR systems under low-temperature conditions (10°C~15°C). Results demonstrated that prolonged NiO NP exposure reduced COD and soluble orthophosphate (SOP) removal efficiencies to 75.6%~78.5% and 70.5%~72.1%, respectively, at 10.0 mg/L NiO NPs. Concurrently, total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations and the volatile-to-total suspended solids ratio (VSS/TSS) decreased, while extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production increased. NiO NPs preferentially elevated protein content within EPS, raising the protein-to-polysaccharide (PN/PS) ratio. Batch cycle analyses revealed suppressed anaerobic phosphorus release and aerobic phosphorus uptake. Microbial activity assays indicated reduced specific oxygen uptake rates alongside elevated reactive oxygen species and lactate dehydrogenase release, signifying impaired metabolic activity. These findings provide critical mechanistic insights into NiO NP interference with EBPR, informing strategies for treating nanoparticle-laden wastewater.
  • Influence of Mixed Carbon Source Ratio on the Formation of Microalgae-Granular Sludge and Response Surface Analysis
    XIAO Fei, SONG Yongxiao, ZHAO Fengde, WANG Shimin
    2025, 51(6): 129-135.
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    Microalgae-granular sludge offers numerous advantages, including reduced energy consumption, lower operational costs, and decreased carbon emissions. It holds significant potential for growth and future applications across various fields. In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a high height-to-diameter ratio (H/D) of 7.5 was employed, containing frozen salt-tolerant aerobic granular sludge and receiving artificial synthetic wastewater with varying glucose/sodium acetate ratios (3:1, 4:1, and 5:1) as influent. The characteristics of bacterial-algal symbiotic granules, the content of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and changes in pollutant degradation due to microalgae introduction were analyzed. After 60 days, the symbiotic granules developed filamentous bacterial structures on their outer layer. The EPS content initially increased, peaking at 239.38 mg/g, before declining, while the PN/PS ratio fluctuated between 4.57 and 12.75. The presence of algae increased fulvic acid and humic acid protein levels in the EPS. The average removal rates for COD, NH4+-N, and TP were 85.96%, 76.41%, and 74.14%, respectively. Response surface optimization identified the ideal operating conditions as a carbon source ratio of 3.913 and a light intensity of 2 998 lx, achieving NH₄⁺-N and TP removal rates of 81.79% and 69.56%, respectively. By adjusting the mixed carbon source ratio, the growth of bacterial-algal symbiotic granules can be enhanced, offering practical implications for maintaining the stability of the symbiotic system.
  • Impact of Carbon Nanomaterials on Low-Temperature Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal in Wastewater
    LIU Hong, CHANG Qingshan
    2025, 51(6): 136-141.
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    In light of the unclear effects of the emerging pollutant carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the low-temperature enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process in wastewater treatment, this study investigates the impact of CNTs content on the operational efficiency and mechanisms of the EBPR process. Results show that with increasing exposure to CNTs, the effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and soluble orthophosphate (SOP) concentrations rise, corresponding to a decrease in removal efficiency, and especially in the 50 mg/L group, the removal efficiency of COD and SOP decreased to 80.4%~84.6% and 74.6%~79.2%, respectively. However, the removal efficiencies of COD and SOP recover after the cessation of CNT stress, though they remain below initial levels. Mechanistic studies indicate that CNTs reduce the sludge concentration in EBPR but increase the VSS/TSS ratio. CNTs stimulate the secretion of substantial amounts of extracellular polymeric substances and enhance the PN/PS ratio. 50 mg/L CNTs reduced the PHA content to 5.13 mmol/g, but increased the glycogen content to 6.59~6.71 mmol/g, thereby intensifying the competition between polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) and glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAO) for limited carbon sources. Microbial metabolism analysis shows that CNTs enhance the release of reactive oxygen species and lactate dehydrogenase, increasing the disruptive capacity of CNTs on microbial cells. The findings provide data support and theoretical basis for treating CNT-containing wastewater using the low-temperature EBPR process.
  • Treatment of Cosmetics Production Wastewater by Air Flotation-Hydrolytic Acidification-EGSB- O1/A/O2-MBR Process
    CHEN Yongfei, LIU Jingjing, TU Kangmei, MA Li, YAN Ailan
    2025, 51(6): 142-147.
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    The raw influent comprises high-concentration production wastewater, backwash wastewater, and domestic sewage generated within a cosmetics factory in Zhejiang. The facility aims to achieve reuse standards so that the treated effluent can serve as supplementary water for on-site landscaping. Accordingly, an air flotation-EGSB-O1/A/O2-MBR-disinfection treatment process was employed, effectively removing COD, BOD5, suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen, LAS, and animal and vegetable oil pollutants at a stable rate exceeding 95%. The resulting effluent satisfies the Class A standard specified in GB 18918–2002, "Pollutant Discharge Standard for Urban Sewage Treatment Plants," as well as GB/T 18921–2019, "Urban Sewage Recycling-Landscape Environmental Water Quality," thereby meeting the requirements for wastewater reuse.
  • Upgrading and Reconstruction Project of Pharmaceutical Wastewater by A/O-MBR and Fenton Oxidation Process
    WANG Haibo, XU Junjie, GAO Quanchao, SUN Binbin, LIU Zhenhang, YANG Hua
    2025, 51(6): 148-150.
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    In response to upgrade requirements at a pharmaceutical company's wastewater treatment station in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, an integrated A/O-MBR-Fenton oxidation process was adopted to treat pharmaceutical wastewater at a designed capacity of 6.0 × 103 m3/d. Since its commissioning in May 2023, the system has demonstrated high removal efficiencies of 88.5%, 97.2%, 89.8%, and 97.4% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively. Consequently, the effluent meets both the industrial park's discharge standards for water pollutants and the influent requirements for the industrial park's sewage treatment plant.
  • Process Parameter and Optimization of Baotou Steel Phenol Cyanide Wastewater Reclaimed Project
    PAN Xuejie, SHAN Xin, CHEN Hongqiu, CHENG Xianjin, ZHOU Yong, GAO Congjie
    2025, 51(6): 151-156.
    Abstract | Download PDF URL | Cite this Article   Knowledge map   Save
    Baotou Steel's phenol-cyanide wastewater reclamation project comprises two treatment sections: a reclaimed water treatment system and a brine water treatment system. The reclaimed water system targets removal of COD, hardness, and NO₃-N, while the brine water system focuses on eliminating residual COD.The reclaimed water treatment process follows:Raw water buffer tank → High-efficiency clarifier → Denitrification biofilter → Ozone contact tank → Aeration biofilter → Dual-media filter → Ultrafiltration (UF) → Reverse osmosis (RO).This line operates at 630 m³/h with a recovery rate exceeding 68%.Brine water (RO concentrate) undergoes:RO brine tank → Pre-ozonation contact tank → Aeration biofilter → Post-ozonation contact tank (effluent recirculated to biofilter inlet) → Activated carbon filter.The brine line operates at 200 m³/h, with activated carbon filters activated only when effluent exceeds discharge limits.Post-commissioning, both reclaimed water and treated brine met client requirements. The brine effluent complies with China's Coking Industry Pollutant Discharge Standard (GB 16171-2012) for direct discharge (TN ≤50 mg/L; see Table 2). Operational challenges and design optimizations are discussed, with a direct operating cost of ¥11.4 per m3. This analysis provides actionable insights for similar industrial wastewater projects.
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